Nakhu ukuthi yi-CPU izimbungulu neziphambeko nokuthi yini ongayenza ngazo
Inkinga nge- CPU , "ubuchopho" bekhompyutheni yakho noma enye idivayisi, ngokuvamile ingahlukaniswa njengegciwane noma iphutha . Kulesi simo, inkinga ye-CPU yinoma yikuphi ukukhishwa kwayo okungasebenza noma okusebenzayo ngaphandle kokuthinta lonke uhlelo, ngenkathi i-CPU iphutha kuyinkinga eyisisekelo edinga izinguquko zesistimu.
Izimpikiswano ezinjengalezi nge-CPUs zivame ukwenzeka ngenxa yamaphutha okwenziwe ngesikhathi sokuklama noma ukukhiqizwa kwe-chip. Kuye nge-CPU ethize bug / iphutha, imiphumela ingaba yinoma yikuphi okungahle kwenzeke ekusebenziseni okungekho esimweni sokuvikeleka kokuvikeleka kobunzima obuhlukahlukene.
Ukulungisa iphutha noma i-bug ye-CPU kuhilela ukuvuselela ukuthi isofthiwe yedivaysi isebenza kanjani ne-CPU, evame ukuqhutshwa ngokuvuselela isofthiwe, noma ukufaka i-CPU eyodwa engenayo inkinga. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ishintshiwe noma isebenze nxazonke nge-software yokuvuselela kuxhomeke ebuqini nasebunzima benkinga ye-CPU.
Ukuxuba & amp; I-Specter Flaws
I-Meltdown iphutha ye-CPU yaboniswa kuqala emphakathini yi-Google Project Zero ngo-2018, kanye ne-Cyberes Technology ne-Graz University of Technology. I-Specter yavezwa ngonyaka ofanayo nguRambus, i-Google Project Zero, nabacwaningi emayunivesithi amaningana.
Iprosesa isebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukukhishwa okucabangelayo" ukuqagela lokho okuzocelwa ukuba kwenziwe ngokulandelayo ukuze ugcine isikhathi. Uma yenza lokhu, idonsa ulwazi oluvela ku- RAM , inkumbulo yakho yekhompyutha noma yedivaysi, ukuqoqa imininingwane ngalokho okwenzekayo manje nokuthi yini okudingeka iyenze ngokulandela ukwenza isinyathelo esithile esekelwe kulolo lwazi olusha.
Inkinga yukuthi lapho iprosesa ilungisa izenzo zayo nemigqa yalokho okuzokwenza ngokulandelayo, lolo lwazi lungase luvezwe futhi lube "ovulekile" lwesofthiwe enonya noma amawebhusayithi okumele athathe futhi afunde njengabo.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi igciwane kwikhompyutha yakho noma iwebhusayithi enamandla, kungenzeka, ukufinyelela kulolo lwazi kusuka ku-CPU ukubona ukuthi yini eqoqwe ememori, okungaba yinoma yini evuliwe futhi isetshenziswe kudivayisi, kufaka phakathi ulwazi olubucayi njengamaphasiwedi , izithombe, nolwazi lokukhokha.
Lezi ziphutha ze-CPU zithinte zonke izinhlobo zamadivayisi asebenza ku-Intel, AMD, nakwabanye abacubungula, namadivayisi afakiwe njengama-Smartphones, ama-desktops, nama-laptops, kanye nama-akhawunti wokugcina amafayili e-inthanethi, njll.
Ngenxa yokuthi lezi ziphutha zifakwe ngokujulile ezingxenyeni ezithintekayo, esikhundleni se- hardware yisisombululo kuphela esihlala njalo. Noma kunjalo, ukugcina isofthiwe yakho kanye nesistimu yokusebenza kusesikhathini kunganikeza umsebenzi ovumelekile, ukuphinde ubuyekeze ukuthi isofthiwe yakho ifinyelela kanjani i-CPU, ngokuyisisekelo evimbela izinkinga.
Nazi ezinye izibuyekezo ezisemqoka ezilondoloze i-Meltdown ne-Specter:
- I-Windows 10 ilandelwe ngokubuyekezwa kwe-KB4056892, engasetshenziswa ngesandla kusuka kulolu xhumanisi kodwa ifakwe kahle nge- Windows Update .
- Izibuyekezo ezilandelayo zikhishwe nge-MacOS: High Sierra 10.13.2, Ukuvuselelwa kokuphepha 2018-001 yeSierra, nokuPhuthukiswa kokuPhepha 2018-001 ku-El Capitan.
- Amadivayisi we-Android asebenza ku-Level 2018-01-05 ye-Security Patch Level futhi kamuva avikelwe.
- Amadivaysi e-Apple iOS afakwe nge-iOS 11.2.2 "ukunciphisa imiphumela ye-Specter" kusiphequluli sewebhu se-Safari.
- Iziphequluli ze-Firefox zibuyekezwe okungenani inguqulo 57.0.4 ivikelwe. Bheka kanjani Ngiyabuyekeza i-Firefox? uma udinga usizo.
- I-Safari 11.0.2 ikhishwe i-MacOS Sierra ne-OS X El Capitan.
Ithiphu: Njalo qiniseka ukuthi usebenzisa izibuyekezo ohlelweni lwakho lokusebenza nesofthiwe njengoba zitholakala! Lokho kusho ukungayeki izaziso kukhompyutha yakho noma nge-smartphone futhi wenze konke okusemandleni akho ukugcina izinhlelo zakho zesofthiwe zivuselelwa njengezinguqulo ezintsha nezibuyekezo ezikhishwayo.
I-Pentium FDIV Bug
Lezi zigameko ze-CPU zitholwe nguprofesa weLynchburg College, uThomas Nicely ngo-1994, okwaqala ukudalula ku-imeyili.
Isifo se-Pentium FDIV sathinte izindipho ze-Intel Pentium kuphela, ikakhulukazi endaweni ye-CPU ebizwa ngokuthi "i-unit point point", engxenyeni yeprosesa eyenza izibalo zemisebenzi njengokungeza, ukususa nokuphindaphinda, nakuba lesi sigciwane sithinta ukuhlukana kuphela ukusebenza.
Le bugudu ye-CPU inganikezela imiphumela engalungile ezinhlelweni ezicacisa i-quotient, njenge-calculators nesofthiwe yespredishithi. Isizathu salesiphutha kwakuyiphutha lohlelo lapho amathebula athile wokuthola izibalo aphelelwa khona, ngakho-ke noma yikuphi ukubalwa okudingeka ukufinyeleleka kulawo amatafula kwakungeyona enembile njengoba kungenzeka.
Kodwa-ke, kulinganiselwa ukuthi isikhuhlane se-Pentium FDIV singanikeza imiphumela engalungile ku-1 kuphela kwezibalo eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye zamanzi, futhi kuzobonakala kuphela ezinombolweni ezincane noma ezincane kakhulu, ngokuvamile ezizungeze idijithali le-9 noma le-10.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi kwakungekho ukuphikisana okungaxazululwanga mayelana nokuthi ngabe le nkinga ingaba yinkinga kangakanani, kanti i-Intel ithi izokwenzeka kuphela kumsebenzisi ojwayelekile kanye neminyaka engu-27 000 , kanti i-IBM yathi izokwenzeka njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-24.
Kwadedelwa ama-patches ahlukahlukene ukuze asebenze kulokhu bug:
- I-Microsoft ikhishwe ama-patches we-Windows OS ne-Microsoft Excel. Lawa mafayili afakwe i- WW1140.EXE ne- WE1136.EXE , ngokulandelana, futhi angalanda kusuka kulewebhusayithi ye- Microsoft Software Library Mirror.
- UWolfram wakhipha lolu hlelo lokuhlela uhlelo lweMathematica.
NgoDisemba ka-1994, i-Intel yamemezela inqubomgomo yokuguqula impilo yonke esikhundleni sokuba bonke abaproseshi abathintekile yi-bug. Ama-CPU athunyelwe kamuva azange ashintshwe yi-bug, ngakho amadivaysi asebenzisa i-Intel pro processor eyakhiwe ngemva kuka-1994 ayithinteki ngale nkinga ethile yeyunithi ehamba phambili.