Isici esiyisisekelo sokuqala, ukumelana, singase sibonakale njengamakhemikhali alula nezinhlelo ezimbalwa zokusebenza, kodwa abaphikisi banezinhlobo eziningi zezici zefomu zezicelo kanye nezinhlobo .
Ukushisa
Ukufudumala kwe-Joule ukushisa kudalwe njengoba okwamanje kudlulela kumelana. Ngokuvamile lokhu kushisa kuyisici esibalulekile ekukhetheni ummango ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okunokwethenjelwa, kodwa kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, injongo yokulwa ukukhiqiza ukushisa. Ukushisa kukhiqizwa ukusebenzisana nama-electron egeleza umqhubi, okuthinta ama-athomu awo kanye ne-ions, okwenza ukuthi ukushisa kuqhubeke ngokushayisana. Izinto zokushisa zokususa zisetshenziselwa imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kuhlanganise izitofu zikagesi kanye namavolontiya, ama-heaters amanzi kagesi, abenzi bekhofi, ngisho nomfutho emotweni yakho. Iziphepheli zokuhlala zivame ukumbozwa nge-insulator kagesi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akukho lutho olungafinyeleleki kulokhu okuyisisindo ekusebenzeni okuvamile okubalulekile ikakhulukazi kumashisa asetsheni abasha kagesi abasebenzisa izinto ezifudumele. Ukuze kusetshenziswe izinto ezikhethekile zokwenza izinto ezikhethekile zokufudumala njenge-nichrome, i-alloy ye-nickel ne-chromium, okuyiyona nto enamandla kakhulu futhi enqabile ukusiketshezi.
Fuse
Ama-resistors akhethekile asetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile njengamafomu okusebenzisa i-single-use. I-element conductive in fuse iklanyelwe ukuziqeda ngokwayo uma isibalo esithile samanje sifinyelelwe, ngokuyinhloko ukuzidela ngokwabo ukuvimbela ukulimala kwamanye ama-electronics abizayo. Amafaysi atholakalayo ngezinhlobo eziningi zezakhiwo ukuhlinzeka ngezikhathi ezisheshayo noma ezisheshayo zokuphendula, amakhono amanje namandla wezintambo, nezindawo zokushisa. Zibuye zitholakale ezinhlokweni eziningana zefomu njengefayili yefomu yefomu yefomu esetshenziselwa imboni yezimoto, i-fuses ehlanganiswe ngilazi, i-cartridge ye-fiberglass ye-cylindrical, futhi igxuma emafusini ukubiza amagama ambalwa. Amafuses asekelwe ekuhlaseleni ayakwazi ukukhokhela kodwa ubuchwepheshe obungasetshenziselwa ukubuyisela ubuchwepheshe buyanciphisa umthwalo kumsebenzisi ukuze uthole futhi ubeke umshini wokufakela phansi futhi uvame ukusetshenziselwa imishini ebiza kakhulu nemishini ephathekayo engenakusiza ngumsebenzisi futhi angakwazi ukufaka izindleko eziphakeme zefesibha yokuvuselela .
Izinzwa
Abaphikisi bavame ukusetshenziselwa izinzwa zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene ezivela kumagesi e-gas okuqamba amanga. Ukushintsha kokumelana kungabangelwa inani elikhulu lezinto ezibandakanya amanzi kanye nezinye iziphuzo, umswakama, ukucindezeleka noma ukuguquguquka, kanye nokwamukelwa kwegesi ibe yizinto ezihlaselayo. Ngokukhetha ukwaziswa okulungile nokuvaliwe, ukusebenza kwenzwa yokuvuselela kungahle kulungiswe isicelo nesimo esithile. Izinzwa zokuqeda zisetshenziselwa njengengxenye yezinzwa zemishini ye-polygraph ukuqapha ukujula kwesifundo ngesikhathi sangempela njengoba behlolwa. Njengoba isihloko siqala ukuphosa, inzwa yokuhlenga ishintshwe ngushintsho kumswakama futhi inikeza ushintsho olulinganiselwe ekumeni. Izinzwa zegesi zokuhlala zisebenza ngendlela efanayo, ngokukhona okukhulu kwegesi okudala ushintsho ekumeni kwenzwa. Kuncike kumklamo wezinzwa, ukulinganisela okuzimele kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-reference reference yamanje ukuze inqamule yonke imidwebo yezinto ezivuselelayo.
Ngokuba izinzwa ezishintsha kakhulu kakhulu uhla oluphelele lwe-stimuli, inethiwekhi yebhuloho evulekile isetshenziselwa ukuhlinzeka ngezibonakaliso ezizinzile zokulinganisela nokulinganisa okunembile.
Ukukhanya
UThomas Edison wachitha iminyaka efuna izinto ezizokwenza ukukhanya okuphephile kagesi kunamandla. Ngendleleni, wathola inqwaba yemiklamo nezinto ezizokwenza ukukhanya futhi ngokushesha zizishise, njengokufana nefriji ezinikela yona. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, u-Edison wathola izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nomklamo owanikezela ukukhanya okuqhubekayo okwaba omunye wemisebenzi emikhulu futhi ebaluleke kunazo zonke zabamelana namashumi eminyaka. Namuhla kunezinye izindlela ezikhona ekwakhiweni kwesikhangiso sokukhanyisa isibani sokukhanyisa okuyisisekelo sokuqala futhi ezinye zisalokhu ziyi-designs based resolutions ezifana nama-halogen ama-bulb. Izibani ze-incandescent zishintshwa yi-CCLF nezibani ze-LED, ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kunezibani zokukhanyisa ezisekelwe ku-resandtive-based based incabescent bulbs.