Igama le-NoSQL lahlanganiswa ngo-1998. Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi i-NoSQL yilizwi elihlehlisayo elidalwe ukuzobamba i-SQL. Eqinisweni, leli gama lisho ukuthi ayikho kuphela i-SQL. Umqondo wukuthi ubuchwepheshe bobubili bungabumbana futhi ngayinye inendawo yayo. Inhlangano ye-NoSQL ibilokhu ikhona ezindabeni eminyakeni embalwa edlule njengabaholi abaningi be-Web 2.0 baye bathatha ubuchwepheshe be-NoSQL. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Facebook, Twitter, Digg, Amazon, LinkedIn, ne-Google konke zisebenzisa i-NoSQL ngandlela-thile.
Masiphule i-NoSQL ukuze ukwazi ukuyichazela i-CIO yakho noma abasebenzi bakho.
I-NoSQL ivela kwi-Need
Isitoreji sedatha: Idatha yedijithali egciniwe yomhlaba ilinganiswa kuma-exabytes. I-exabyte ilingana ne-gigabytes elilodwa lamabhiliyoni (i-GB) yedatha. Ngokwe-Internet.com, inani lemininingwane egcinwe ngonyaka ka-2006 kwaba yi-161 exabytes. Eminyakeni engu-4 nje kuphela ngonyaka ka-2010, inani lemininingwane egcinwe kuyoba ngu-1 000 ExaBytes okukhuphuka kwama-500%. Ngamanye amazwi, kukhona idatha eningi egciniwe emhlabeni futhi iyaqhubeka ikhula.
Idatha exhunyiwe : Idatha iyaqhubeka ixhumeke kakhulu. Ukwakhiwa kwewebhu kukhuthazwe kuma-hyperlink, amabhulogi anezinkinga futhi zonke izinhlelo zokuxhumana zenethiwekhi ezinkulu zinamathegi ahlanganisa izinto ndawonye. Izinhlelo ezinkulu zakhiwa ukuze zixhunyaniswe.
Isakhiwo seDatha esiyinkimbinkimbi: I- NoSQL ingakwazi ukusingatha izakhiwo zedatha ezizimele ezithandwayo kalula. Ukuze ufeze into efanayo ku-SQL, uzodinga amathebula amaningi wokuxhumana nazo zonke izinhlobo zamakhi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ubudlelwane obuphakathi kokusebenza nokucushwa kwedatha. Ukusebenza kunganciphisa kwi-RDBMS yendabuko njengoba sigcina inani elikhulu lemininingwane edingekayo ekusetshenzisweni kokuxhumana nabantu kanye newebhu ye-semantic.
Iyini i-NoSQL?
Ngicabanga ukuthi enye indlela yokuchaza i-NoSQL ukucabangela ukuthi akusikho.
Akusiyo i-SQL futhi ayiyona ubudlelwano. Njengegama liphakamisa, akulona indawo ye-RDBMS kodwa uyayincoma. I-NoSQL iklanyelwe ukusabalalisa izitolo zedatha ngezidingo zedatha elikhulu kakhulu. Cabanga ngo-Facebook nabasebenzisi bayo abangu-500,000,000 noma i-Twitter eqoqa iTrabits yedatha njalo ngosuku olulodwa.
Esikhathini sedatha ye-NoSQL, ayikho uhlelo oluhleliwe futhi alujoyina. I-RDBMS "isilinganisela" ngokuthola ihadiwebhu ngokushesha futhi esheshayo futhi ingeza imemori. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-NoSQL ingasebenzisa "ukuphuma". Ukwehliswa kusho ukusabalalisa umthwalo phezu kwezinhlelo eziningi zempahla. Lokhu kuyisici se-NoSQL esenza kube isixazululo esingabizi kakhulu samadokhumenti amakhulu.
Izigaba ze-NoSQL
Izwe lamanje le-NoSQL lingena ezigaba ezine eziyisisekelo.
- Ama-value-value Amakethe asekelwe ngokuyinhloko kwi -Dynamo Paper ye-Amazon eyabhalwa ngo-2007. Umqondo oyinhloko ukukhona kwetafula likaHah lapho kunesici esiyingqayizivele kanye nesichazamazwi kwenye into ethile yedatha. Lezi zimephu zivame ukuhambisana nezinqubo zokugcinwa kwemfihlo ukuze kukhuliswe ukusebenza.
Ikholomu Yokugcina Komndeni yadalwa ukugcina nokucubungula inani elikhulu kakhulu lwedatha elinikezwe emishini eminingi. Kukhona okhiye kodwa bekhomba emakholomu amaningi. Endabeni ye-BigTable (imodeli ye-Google Column Family NoSQL), imigqa iboniswa ukhiye wegqa nedatha ehlelwe futhi igcinwe yilokhi. Amakholomu ahlelwe ngumndeni wekholomu.
- I-Document Database s yaphefumulelwe yi- Lotus Notes futhi ifana nezitolo ze-key value. Imodeli yimiqulu ekhishwe ngokuyinhloko eqoqwa kwamanye amaqoqo e-key value. Amadokhumenti ahleliwe agcinwe emafomethi afana ne-JSON.
- I-Graph Database s yakhiwa ngamanothi, ubudlelwane phakathi kwamanothi kanye nezakhiwo zezinombolo. Esikhundleni samatafula emigqa namakholomu nesakhiwo esiqinile se-SQL, imodeli yesigrafu eguquguqukayo isetshenziselwa ukulinganisa imishini eminingi.
Abadlali abaningi be-NoSQL
Abadlali abakhulu ku-NoSQL bavele ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yezinhlangano eziziqalile. Ezinye zobuchwepheshe obukhulu kakhulu be-NoSQL zifaka:
- I-Dynamo: I- Dynamo yenziwe yi-Amazon.com futhi iyinqolobane ye-Key-Value NoSQL evelele kakhulu. I-Amazon yayidinga isiteji esasakazeka kakhulu esasatshalaliswa kwamabhizinisi abo e-commerce ngakho baqala i-Dynamo. I-Amazon S3 isebenzisa i-Dynamo njengendlela yokugcina.
- I-Cassandra: Cassandra yavulwa yi-Facebook futhi iyinqolobane ye-NoSQL enamakholomu.
- I-BigTable: I- BigTable i-database ye-ikholomu eyakhelwe ikholomu ye-Google. I-Google ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwe-BigTable kodwa kuphela nge-Google App Engine.
- I-SimpleDB: I- SimpleDB enye i-Amazon database. Isetshenziselwa i-Amazon EC2 ne-S3, iyingxenye ye-Amazon Web Services ekhokhisa imali kuye ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa.
- I-CouchDB: I- CouchDB kanye ne-MongoDB ziyi-NoSQL yolwazi oluvulekile lombhalo ovulekile.
- I-Neo4J: I- Neo4j iyi-database yomthombo wesigcawu evulekile.
Ukucaphuna i-NoSQL
Umbuzo wokuthi ungabheka kanjani imininingwane ye-NoSQL yilabo abathuthukisi abaningi abanentshisekelo kuwo. Ngemuva kwalokho, idatha egciniwe ku-database enkulu ayenzi muntu noma ubani uma ungenakuyithola futhi uyikhombise ukuqeda abasebenzisi noma amasevisi wewebhu. Ulwazi lwe-NoSQL aluhlinzeki ngolimi oluphezulu lwemibuzo ephezulu njengeSQL. Esikhundleni salokho, ukucaphuna lezi zinqolobane kuyimodeli eqondene nedatha.
Amapulatifomu amaningi we-NoSQL avumela ukungenelela okuphindaphindiwe kudatha. Okunye ukunikeza ama-API wombuzo. Kunamathuluzi ambalwa wombuzo asetshenzisiwe azama ukubuza imibuzo eminingi ye-NoSQL. La mathuluzi ngokuvamile asebenza ngaphansi kwesigaba esisodwa se-NoSQL. Isibonelo esisodwa ngu-SPARQL. I-SPARQL isichazelo sombuzo esichazayo esenzelwe ama-graph yolwazi. Nasi isibonelo sombuzo we-SPARQL othola i-URL ye-blogger ethile (ngokuvumelana ne-IBM):
I-PREFIX isithungu:
Hlunga? Url
KUSUKA ku-
LAPHO {
? inhlanzi yenkampani: igama elithi "Jon Foobar".
? isisusa senkampani: i-weblog? url.
}}
Ikusasa le-NoSQL
Izinhlangano ezinesidingo esikhulu sokugcina idatha zibheke ngokungathí sina ku-NoSQL. Kubonakala sengathi umqondo awutholi ukudonsa okuningi ezinhlanganweni ezincane. Kuhlolo olwenziwe yi-Information Week, 44% wezohwebo ze-IT zebhizinisi azizange zizwe ngoNoSQL. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-1% kuphela wabaphendulile babike ukuthi i-NoSQL iyingxenye yesikhombiso sabo. Ngokusobala, i-NoSQL inendawo yayo ezweni lethu elixhunyiwe kodwa kuzodingeka ukuthi iqhubeke iguqukela ukuthola isikhalazo esiningi abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi singaba nayo.