(KungumGrey ngokusemthethweni)
Ukukwabelana ngomculo ku-inthanethi: abanye abaculi bayalizonda, abanye abaculi bayayithanda. Akungokomthetho e-USA. Kuye ikakhulukazi engaziwa eCanada. Futhi izigidi zabantu zenza njalo nsuku zonke, kungakhathaliseki.
I & # 39; s ibizwa ngokuthi & # 34; Ukwabelana Ngontanga & # 34; (P2P)
Isekelwe ekuhlanganyeleni kokubambisana kwezinkulungwane zabasebenzisi ngabanye. I-P2P isebenza ngokuba nabahlanganyeli bafaka ngokuzithandela isofthiwe ekhethekile yokwabelana ngefayela emishini yabo. Uma ngabe isofthiwe ye-P2P isendaweni, laba abasebenzisi baqala ukudayisa ama-MP3 umculo namafayela e-AVI wezingoma zawo namabhayisikobho abathandayo. Ukukwabelana kusebenza ngumsebenzisi ngamunye ukwabelana ngamabikithi amancane ngesikhathi. Ayikho icala, akukho izindleko ... kuba lula njengokusesha kwe-Google.
Lokhu ukuhweba kwefayela, okubizwa ngokuthi "ukulayisha nokulanda", kuyisisekelo somphakathi we-P2P ku-intanethi Nakuba amafayela avame kakhulu (kusukela kuma-megabyte angu-5 kuya ku-5 gigabytes), isofthiwe ye-P2P ingenza uxhumano lwakho lomkhawulokudonsa lufinyelele ngesivinini esimangalisayo. Kuzigidi zabantu, kungenzeka ukulandwa wonke umculo we-CD ngaphansi kwehora, ne-movie yonke engaphansi kwamahora amathathu.
Ukuphikisana P2P
Ukungqubuzana okukhulu kuphezu kwe-copyright nemali: abaculi bomculo nabamabhayisikobho bathi abakhokhiwe kahle uma abasebenzisi bahlanganyela amafayela ngaphandle kwemvume evelele yabaculi
E-Canada, izimpikiswano zenkantolo zenziwe ukuthi ziyingxenye yomthetho ... amaKhanadi angakhipha umculo, kodwa angawulandi, futhi iziphathimandla ze-CRIA akufanele zivunyelwe ukubuka amagama abasebenzisi be-ISP abakwa-P2P. Kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba njenge-USA, i-UK, i-Australia, ne-Europe, abahlanganyeli befayili bazothola izibopho ezinkulumweni zeseklasini, kaningi ngamashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi. Ezimweni ezimbalwa zokusongela, ohulumeni base-Australia naseBrithani empeleni bahlasele abanye abafayili befayili ngokushushiswa komqhele. Kodwa naphezu kwalezi zenzo zenkantolo ezesabekayo, izigidi zabantu zisathungatha amafayela nsuku zonke.
I-Napster ne-History of P2P
I-Napster Inc. yasungulwa ngo-May ka-1999 ngu-Shawn Fanning (Umnikazi we-PC Magazine Technical Excellence Award Umnyaka ka-2000) noSean Parker, oyisungula. Isevisi ye-centralized yokwabelana ngezigidi zomculo zomculo, le nethiwekhi ye-P2P ye-"real-time" yokuhweba ifayela iphinde ihlanganise amakamelo okuxoxa "ngomyalezo osheshayo" nomsebenzi "wokushisa" futhi wabonakala nakwekuLondoloza okubonakalayo kwe-Download.com evelele .
I-Napster yaphumelela kakhulu , abasebenzisi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-70 bajoyina umphakathi wabo. Okumangalisa nakakhulu: kulinganiselwa ukuthi u-85% wabo bonke abafundi bekolishi emhlabeni beyingxenye yaleqembu, futhi bakwazi ukulayisha izingoma eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,79! Lokhu kulandwa kwamathuluzi nakho kwaheha ukunakwa kwe-mega-artists Metallica noDkt Dre. Labaculi ababili baphikisana kakhulu nokuhweba kwamahhala womculo wabo.
Ngo-December 1999, i-Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) iqale icala ngeNapster Inc., eliyikhokhisa ngokuphula umthetho we-copyright (okungukuthi, ukunikela nokugqugquzela ukuphulwa kwe-copyright kwabanye abantu).
- UCary Sherman, oyinhloko iphini likamengameli kanye neseluleko esiphezulu se-RIAA, ufingqa umsebenzi kaNapster ngokuthi: "ukugqugquzela ukuguqulwa kwesibindi, nokuzama ukwakha ibhizinisi ngemuva kwamaphephandaba nabanikazi be-copyright".
- I-Metallica noDkt. Dre nabo baqala ukugwetshwa ngokumelene neNapster ngokuhlaselwa kathathu emisebenzini yayo.
Ngo-February 2001, ijaji lathi uNapster kwadingeka ayeke ukusabalalisa impahla ye-copyright ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yayo. Izinkampani zokurekhoda zinikeze uhlu lwamagama angaphezu kuka-250,000 izingoma zokususwa ngokushesha kwenethiwekhi yeNapster. NgoJulayi 2001, ijaji litshele iNapster ukuthi kumele livimbele wonke amafayela aphulwa ilungelo lobunikazi, ngokuliphoqa ngokuqinile ukulivala. I-Napster yafakwa ngo-September 2002, ngemuva kokuthengiswa kwayo okungapheli ku-Bertelsmann AG.
UNapster uye wazalwa kabusha ngendlela enamandla futhi enamandla njenge "Napster 2.0", manje ehlukaniswa neRoxio, Inc. Napster 2.0 uye wahlakulela amalungiselelo amaningi okuqukethwe namalebula amakhulu amarekhodi. Uma nje uzimisele ukukhokha imali yomsebenzisi ka-$ 10 USD ngenyanga, ungalanda ngokomthetho izingoma ezingaphezu kuka-500,000 kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomculo eNapster 2.0. Ngeshwa, i-Napster 2.0 itholakale kuphela kubahlali base-United States, futhi ayisasayikujabulela okuningi emva kwezinsuku zayo ezingu-1999-2002.
I-P2P Namuhla
Lezi zinhlangano ziye zahluleka ukushushiswa kwezomthetho kuleli phuzu: BitTorrents , Limewire, Gnutella, OpenNap, KaZaA, Morpheus, WinMX, kanye FastTrack. Le miiphakathi ye-P2P ingaphansi kokusongelwa kwezigwegwe zomphakathi, kodwa izigidi zabasebenzisi zisasebenzisa izinsizakalo zabo nsuku zonke.