14.1 Getty (esetshenziswe ku / etc / inittab)
Isingeniso ku-Getty
Ukuze ube nenqubo yokungena ngemvume ku-port serial (futhi ukuphela okuxhumene nayo) uma ikhompiyutha iqala (noma ishintshi amazinga wokugijima) umyalo we-getty kufanele ufake efayilini / etc / inittab. Ukugijima okuvela emgqeni wokulawula kungabangela izinkinga (bheka Uma i-getty igijima emgqeni womyalelo: Izinhlelo zivele zimiswe ukubona ukuthi kungani). I-Getty GET ingu-TTY (ukuphela) okuya. Isigungu ngasinye sidinga umyalo wayo wokuthola. Kukhona okungenani umyalo owodwa wokuthola i-console kuwo wonke amafayela / etc / inittab. Thola lokhu bese ubeka imiyalo ye-getty ye-terminals yangempela eceleni kwayo. Leli fayela lingase libe nemigqa ye-getty yesampula yama-terminal terminals okukhulunywe ngayo ngakho konke okudingeka ukwenze ukuwahlupha (susa ukuhola #) futhi ushintshe izingxabano ezimbalwa.
Amaphuzu avunyelwe ancike ekutheni uyisebenzisa:
I-getty emibili engcono kakhulu yamasekhondi axhumene ngqo yi:
- i-agetty (ngezinye izikhathi nje ibizwa ngokuthi i-getty): Kulula kakhulu ukusetha. Awekho amafayela amisiwe. Bheka i-agetty
- i-getty (ingxenye ye-getty_ps)
Ama-getty amabili angcono kakhulu kumamodemu wokudayela (gwema ama-terminals ngokuqondile axhunyiwe) yi:
- I-mgetty: engcono kunazo zonke zezimodemu; isebenza ama-terminals futhi kodwa aphansi
- Uugetty: for modem kuphela; ingxenye yephakheji ye-getty_ps
I-getty elula ukuyisebenzisa uma ungasebenzisi i-real-terminal terminal. Abasebenzisi abaningi baseLinux basebenzisa enye yalezi ekuqapha kwabo:
- i-mingetty
- fbgetty
- fgetty
- i-rungetty
Ukusabalalisa kwakho kwe-Linux kungafika noma i-ps_getty noma i-agetty yama-terminal terminals. Okunye ukunikezwa akunikezi. Ngeshwa, bavame ukuyibiza ngokuthi "getty" ngakho kungase kudingeke ukuthi unqume ukuthi yikuphi onakho kusukela izimpikiswano ozisebenzisayo emva kokuthi / etc / inittab ehluke. I-Debian isebenzisa i-agetty (kuphakheji ye-util-linux). I-RedHat ne-Fedora basebenzisa i-ps_getty e-ps_getty
Njengendlela yokugcina yokuzama ukuthola ukuthi iyiphi into onayo, ungase uhlole ikhodi yayo ephathekayo (ngokuvamile e / sbin). ps_getty ine / njll / gettydefs efakiwe kule khodi. Ukuyifuna, iya ku- / sbin bese uthayipha:
izintambo zokuthola | i-grep gotty
Uma i-getty empeleni i-agetty ngenhla ngeke ibangele lutho. Noma kunjalo uma uthayipha isikhathi eside:
uthole-h
kufanele abonise okukhethwa kukho [-hiLmw].
Uma ungenayo i-getty ofuna ukuhlola ezinye izabelo kanye nohlelo lowezizwe ukuguqula phakathi kwamaphakheji we-RPM ne-Debian. Ikhodi yomthombo ingalandwa kusuka ku-Getty Software.
Uma ungasebenzisi imigqa yokulawula imodemu (isibonelo uma usebenzisa inombolo encane yabaqhubi aba-3: ukuthumela, ukuthola, kanye nesignali esivamile) kufanele uvumele ukuthi uthole lokhu ngokusebenzisa ifulegi "lendawo". Ukufometha kwalokhu kuncike ekutheni usebenzise nini.
I-Getty iphuma ngemuva kokungena ngemvume (futhi ingahle ibuye kabusha)
Ngemuva kokuthi ungene ngemvume uzobona (ngokusebenzisa "phezulu", "ps -ax", noma "ptree") ukuthi inqubo ye-getty ayisasebenzi. Kwenzekani kuso? Kungani i-getty iqala futhi uma igobolondo lakho libulawa? Nakhu.
Ngemuva kokuthi uthayiphe igama lakho lomsebenzisi, i-getty ithatha futhi ibiza uhlelo login lokutshela igama lakho lomsebenzisi. Inqubo ye-getty ithathelwa yinqubo yokungena ngemvume. Inqubo yokungena ngemvume icela iphasiwedi yakho, iyayihlola bese iqala noma iyiphi inqubo ecaciswe kufayela lakho lephasiwedi. Le nqubo ngokuvamile igobolish bash. Uma kunjalo, bash uqala futhi ususe inqubo yokungena ngemvume. Qaphela ukuthi inqubo eyodwa ithatha indawo enye nokuthi inqubo ye-shell ye-bash ekuqaleni iqale njengenqubo yokuthola. Imiphumela yalokhu izochazwa ngezansi.
Manje kufayili / etc / inittab, i-getty kufanele ivuselelwe kabusha (iqala kabusha) uma ibulawe. Kusho kanjalo emgqeni obiza i-getty. Kodwa uma i-shell shell (noma inqubo yokungena ngemvume) ibulawe, i-getty respawns (ibuyisela kabusha). Kungani? Kokubili, inqubo yokungena ngemvume kanye ne-bash bashintsha ukuthola imali futhi izuze
* Itheksthi ye-Terminal How-To Index
ukuxhumeka kwesignali okwenziwe ngabaphambili babo. Eqinisweni uma ubona imininingwane uzobona ukuthi inqubo yokufaka esikhundleni izoba ne-ID yenqubo efanayo njengenqubo yokuqala. Ngakho bash uhlobo lwe-getty oluguqulwa nenombolo ye-ID yenqubo efanayo. Uma ibhasi ibulawa kufana ne-getty yabulawa (nakuba i-getty ingasasebenzi). Lokhu kubangela ukubuyiswa kokuthola.
Uma umuntu ephuma, zonke izinqubo kulelo port portal zibulawa kuhlanganise ne-shell shell. Lokhu kungase kwenzeke (uma kunikwe amandla) uma isignali se-hangup ithunyelwa ku-port serial nge-drop of DCD voltage nge-modem. Noma ukungena ngemvume noma ukuphonsa ku-DCD kuzoholela ekubuyiselweni kwe-getty. Omunye angase anqobe u-getty ukuba aphinde ahlaselwe ibhubha lokubulala ngesandla (noma ukungene ngemvume) ngokushaya ikhi k, njll ngenkathi "phezulu" noma ngomyalo "wokubulala". Cishe uzodinga ukuyibulala ngesignali 9 (okungenakunakwa).
Uma i-getty iphuma kumugqa womyalo: Izinhlelo ziyeka
Kufanele ugijimise ngokujwayelekile ngaphakathi / njll / inittab hhayi emgqeni womyalo noma ezinye izinhlelo ezigijima esibulalayo zingamiswa ngokungalindelekile (zimisiwe). Yingakho (yeqa esigabeni esilandelayo uma kungani kungabalulekile kuwe). Uma uqala ukuthola i-ttyS1 kusuka kumugqa womyalo wesinye isiphetho, tshela i-tty1, khona-ke iyoba ne-tty1 njenge "isiphetho sayo sokulawula" noma ngabe isiphetho sangempela siqhutshwa yi-ttyS1. Ngakho-ke ine-terminal yokulawula engalungile. Kodwa uma iqalile ngaphakathi kwefayela le-inittab khona-ke liyoba ne-ttyS1 njenge-terminal control (elungile).
Ngisho noma ukuphela kokulawula kungalungile, ukungena ngemvume ku-ttyS1 kusebenza kahle (kusukela wanikeza i-ttyS1 njengengxabano ukuze uthole imali). Ukufakelwa okujwayelekile nokukhishwa kusethelwe ku-ttyS1 noma ngabe ukuphela kwesilawuli kuhlala ku-tty11. Ezinye izinhlelo ezigijima ku-ttyS1 zingathola i-input input / output (ehlangene ne-ttyS1) futhi konke kulungile. Kodwa ezinye izinhlelo zingenza iphutha lokuzama ukufunda kusuka ekugcineni kwesilawuli sabo (tty1) okungalungile. Manje u-tty1 angase acabange ukuthi lezi zinhlelo ziqhutshwa ngemuva ngu-t11 ngakho umzamo wokufunda kusuka ku-tty1 (kufanele kube yi-ttyS1) imiphumela ekumiseni inqubo eyazama ukufunda. (Inqubo yangemuva ayivunyelwe ukufunda kusuka ekugcineni kwayo yokulawula.). Ungabona umlayezo othize: " [1] + Ubeke " esikrinini. Kuleli phuzu unamathela ngoba awukwazi ukusebenzisana nenqubo ezama ukuxhumana nawe nge-terminal engalungile. Ngokuqinisekile ukuphunyuka kulokhu ungaya kwesinye isiphetho futhi ubulale inqubo, njll.
i-agetty (ingahle iqanjwe ngokuthi i-getty)
Isibonelo sendlela ku / etc / inittab:
I-S1: 23: i-respawn: / sbin / getty -L 19200 ttyS1 vt102I-S1 ivela ku-ttyS1. 23 kusho ukuthi u-getty ugijimela ekungeneni amazinga okugijima 2 noma 3. ukulungiswa kabusha kusho ukuthi uma i-getty (noma inqubo eyishintsha njenge-bash) ibulawe, i-getty izoqala ngokuzenzakalelayo (respawn) futhi. / sbin / getty ngumyalo we-getty. I -L isho indawo yasekhaya (ukunganaki izimpawu zokulawula i-modem). -h (engaboniswa kusibonelo) kwenza ukulawulwa kwe-hardware flow (okufana ne-stty crtscts). I-19200 yizinga le-baud. ttyS1 kusho / dev / ttyS1 (COM2 ku-MS-DOS). i-vt102 yiluhlobo lokugcina futhi lokhu kutholakala kuzobekwa isichazamazwi se-TERM kule nanani. Awekho amafayela wokucushwa. Thayipha "init q" emgqeni wokulayisha emva kokuhlela ukufika futhi kufanele ubone okusheshayo kokungena ngemvume.
Ukuthola ngokuzenzakalelayo nokuthola ngokuzenzakalelayo kwezinkinga zobunye
Uhlelo lwe- agetty luzozama ukuzitholela ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuhlelwa okuphakathi ngaphakathi kokuphela (okungabikho ubunye). Ayisekeli ama-byte wedatha ka-8-bit no-1-bit. Bona ama-byte wedatha angu-8-bit (nokuhlanganisa ubunye). Uma usebenzisa i- stty ukuze usethe ubunye, i- agetty izokuyibeka ngokuzenzakalelayo kusukela ekuqaleni ifuna ukuba ubunye bunye buze bufike njengokungathi kuyinkomba yedatha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kudinga ukuthola i-bit yokugcina (mhlawumbe i-bit bit) uma uthayipha igama lakho lokungena ngemvume ukuze likwazi ukuzitholela ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ngakho-ke uma usebenzisa ubunye, vumela kuphela ngaphakathi kombhalo-ukugcina futhi vumela i- agetty ukuyihlola ngokuzenzakalelayo bese uyibeka kukhompyutha. Uma ngabe ukuphela kwakho kusekela ubuhle obutholiwe, umyalezo wokungena ngemvume uzobukeka uphinde uthayiphe okuthile ukuze uthole i-getty
ubuhle. I-prombled prompt izovimbela izivakashi, njll ukuzama ukungena ngemvume. Lokho kungaba yilokho okufunayo.
Ngesinye isikhathi kunenkinga ngokuthola ngokuzenzakalela kobuhle. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ngemuva kokuthayipha igama lakho login login, i- agetty iqala uhlelo lokungena ngemvume ukuqedela ukungena ngemvume. Ngeshwa, uhlelo lokungena ngemvume alukwazi ukubona ubunye ngakho uma uhlelo lwe- getty luhlulekile ukucacisa ubuhle bese ukungena ngemvume ngeke ukwazi ukunquma noma kunjalo. Uma ukuzama kokuqala kokungena ngemvume kwehluleka, ukungena ngemvume kuzokuvumela ukuthi uzame futhi, njll (bonke abalingani bebekwe eceleni). Ekugcineni, ngemva kwemizamo eminingi yehlulekile ukungena ngemvume (noma ngemuva kokuhamba kwesikhathi) izoqala futhi iphinde iqale ukulandelana kokungena ngemvume ngokuphindaphindiwe. Uma i-getty isebenza futhi, ingase ikwazi ukubona ubuhle esenzweni sesibili ukuze konke kusebenze Kulungile.
Ngombumbulu ongeyena, uhlelo lokungena ngemvume alukwazi ukufunda kahle lokho othayiphayo futhi awukwazi ukungena ngemvume. Uma ngabe ukuphela kwakho kusekela ubunye obuhle, uzoqhubeka nokubona isikrini esiphezulu. Uma i-getty ihluleka ukubona ukuthi i-a / etc / ifayela ye-issue idluliselwa esibukweni ngaphambi nje kokusakazwa, amagama angaphezu kwalokho angabonakala esikrinini.
Kungani ungeke ukwazi ukuthoma ukubona ubunye ngohlamvu lokuqala olufakiwe? Nasi isibonelo: Ake sithi ithola i-byte engu-8-bit ne-bitity yayo engu-0 (bit high-order) kanye nenombolo engavamile ye-1-bits. Iyiphi indima? Yebo, inamba engavamile yezinkinobho ezingu-1 ibonisa ukuthi kuyingqayizivele. Kodwa kungase kube ngumlingiswa we-8-bit ongekho ubunye. Ayikho indlela okwamanje yokunquma ukuthi yikuphi. Kodwa kuze kube manje sesiqedile ukuthi kungenzeka ngisho nokufanisana. Ukutholakala kobuhle ngaleyo ndlela kuqhubeka nenqubo yokuqedwa.
Uma i-byte elandelayo ifakwe efana neyokuqala futhi ibuye iqede kuphela ukuthi kungenzeka yini ngisho nobunye, kusengenakwenzeka ukucacisa ubunye. Lesi simo singaqhubeka ngokungapheli futhi ezimweni ezingavamile ukungena ngemvume kuzohluleka uze ushintshe igama lakho lokungena ngemvume. Uma i-agetty ithola ibanga elilodwa lika-1 lizocabanga ukuthi lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi akuyona inkinobho ephezulu ye-uhlamvu lwe-8-bit. Ngakho-ke kuthatha ukuthi awusebenzisi ama-meta-characters (aphezulu ahlelwe) egameni lakho lomsebenzisi (ie ukuthi igama lakho li-ASCII).
Umuntu angangena ngemvume "login loop" ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ake sithi uthayipha kuphela incwadi eyodwa noma amabili ngegama lakho login bese ushaya ukubuyela. Uma lezi zincwadi zingenele ukutholakala kweqembu, bese ungene ngemvume ngaphambi kokuthi ubunye buhlonzwe. Ngezinye izikhathi le nkinga iyenzeka uma ungenayo i-terminal kanye / noma ixhunyiwe uma i-agetty iqala kuqala.
Uma unamathela kulokhu "login loop" indlela yokuphuma ukushaya ikhi yokubuyela izikhathi eziningana uze uthole umyalezo wokungena ngemvume we-getty. Enye indlela ukulinda umzuzu noma njalo isikhathi esithile. Khona-ke i-getty login prompt izofakwa esikrinini ngohlelo lwe-getty futhi ungase uzame futhi ukungena ngemvume.
Ama-byte wedatha angu-8-bit (nokuhlanganisa ubunye)
Ngeshwa, i-agetty ayikwazi ukuthola lo mlinganiso. Ngasekupheleni kuka-1999 ayikho indlela yokukhubaza ukuzitholela ngokuzenzakalela kobuhle futhi ngaleyo ndlela izobona ubumbano obungalungile. Umphumela wukuthi inqubo yokungena ngemvume izobe igxiliwe futhi ubunye buzobekwa kahle. Ngakho-ke kubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuzama ukusebenzisa ama-byte wedatha ka-8-bit nobunye.
i-getty (ingxenye ye-getty_ps)
(Okuningi kwalokhu kuvela ku-Serial-HOWTO kaGreg Hankins)
Ukuze uthole lokhu okudingekayo kokubili kufaka kokubili ukufaka okufakiwe efayeleni lokucushwa bese ufaka ukungena ku / etc / inittab . Nakhu okunye okufakiwe okumele ukwenze ku-terminal yakho oyifaka efayeleni yokucushwa / njll / gettydefs .
Qaphela ukuthi i-DT38400, i-DT19200, nokunye njll amalebula futhi kufanele kube okufanayo oyisebenzisayo ku / etc / inittab .
Uma ufuna, ungenza ukuphrinta ku- getty izinto ezithakazelisayo ku-ngemvume yokungena ngemvume. Ezibonelweni zami, nginegama lesistimu nomugqa we-serial ophrintiwe. Ungangeza ezinye izinto: [blockquote
umthunzi = yebo] @B Okwamanje (ihlolwe ngesikhathi @B ibonakala) izinga le-bps. @D Usuku lwamanje, ku-MM / DD / YY. @L Umzila we-serial lapho u-gotty unamathiselwe khona. @S Igama lesistimu. @T Isikhathi samanje, ku-HH: MM: SS (ihora eli-24). @U Inani labasebenzisi abangena ngemvume manje. Lokhu kubalwa kwenani lokufakiwe kwifayili / etc / utmp enensimu engekho null ethi_name. @V Inani le-VERSION, njengoba kunikezwe efayeleni elizenzakalelayo. Ukubonisa uhlamvu olulodwa '@', sebenzisa noma '\ @' noma '@@'.Uma usuqedile ukuhlela / njll / gettydefs , ungaqinisekisa ukuthi i-syntax ilungile ngokwenza:
Linux # getty -c / njll / gettydefsQinisekisa ukuthi ayikho enye ifayela yokusetha i-getty noma uugetty yechwethi ye-serial ukuthi ukugcina kwakho kufakwe kufana nokuthi / /etc/default/{uu}getty.ttyS N noma /etc/conf.{uu}getty.ttyS N ) , njengoba lokhu kungase kuphazamise ukutholakala kwemali ku-terminal. Susa amafayela anjalo aphikisanayo uma ephuma.
Hlela ifayili yakho / etc / inittab ukuze usebenzise i- port on the portal serial (ngokufaka ulwazi olufanele lwendawo yakho - uhlobo lokuhamba, isivinini, kanye nokuzenzakalelayo ukuphela):
I-S1: 23: i-respawn: / sbin / getty ttyS1 DT9600 vt100 init Linux # init qKuleli phuzu, kufanele ubone okusheshayo ukungena ngemvume ku-terminal yakho. Kungadingeka ukuthi ushaye ukubuyela ukuze uthole ukunakekelwa kokugcina.
mgetty
I "m" imele imodemu. Lolu hlelo luyinhloko yamamodemu futhi phakathi nonyaka ka-2000 kuzodinga ukubuyisela ukuyisebenzisa ukuze kusetshenziswe imibhalo ye-text (ngaphandle uma usebenzisa i-hardware flow control control - futhi ngokuvamile idinga ikhebula elenziwe ngezandla). Ngokuba amadokhumenti okuxhumeka okuqondile axhunyiwe bheka ingxenye "Eqondile" yombhalo: mgetty.texi.
Bheka imigqa yokugcina ye- /etc/mgetty/mgetty.config ukuze uthole isibonelo sokumisela ukuphela. Ngaphandle kokuthi uthi "i-toggle-dtr no" izocabangela ukuthi une-modem bese ubeka phansi (ukunganaki) iphini le-DTR ku-PC ngomzamo ongenalutho wokusetha kabusha i-modem engekho. Ngokungafani namanye ama-gettys, i-mgetty ngeke ixhumeke ku-terminal kuze kube yilapho umuntu ehlasela noma yikuphi ukhiye walowo ukuphela ukuze uzobona? for the esibulalayo phezulu noma ps kuze kwenzeke lokhu. Amalogi ku / var / log / mgetty / angabonisa imiyalezo embalwa yokuxwayisa esebenzayo kuphela kumamodemu ongawunaki.
Nasi isibonelo somugqa olula owafaka ku / etc / inittab:
s1: 23: ukuphinda kubonakale: / sbin / mgetty-ttyS1