"Ubuchwepheshe bokusiza" yigama elibanzi elisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinsiza ezisetshenziselwa ukusiza abadala nabantwana abakhubazekile ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke. Ubuchwepheshe bokusiza akudingeki kube tech ephezulu. Ubuchwepheshe bokusiza kungaba yinto engasebenzisi kakhulu "ubuchwepheshe" nhlobo. Ipeni kanye nephepha lingasebenza njengendlela ehlukile yokuxhumana yomuntu onenkinga yokukhuluma. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lomthamo, ubuchwepheshe bokusiza bungabandakanya amadivaysi anzima kakhulu, njengama-exoskeleton yokuhlola kanye nezimpande ezincane. Lesi sihloko senzelwe isingeniso eyisisekelo kwezobuchwepheshe bokusiza abantu abangenakho ukukhubazeka, ngakho ngeke sihlanganise zonke izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe bokusiza ezisetshenziswa kuzo zonke izimo.
Design Universal
Umklamo wendawo yonke umqondo wokwakha izinto eziwusizo futhi kufinyeleleke kulabo abanakho nabakhubazekile. Amawebhusayithi, izikhala zomphakathi, namafoni angadalwa yonke imigomo yokuklama yonke. Isibonelo somklamo wendawo yonke singabonakala emigwaqweni eminingi edolobheni. Amanxiwa ahlukaniswa emagqabeni e-crosswalk ukuvumela bonke abantu ukuba bahambe nalabo abasebenzisa isitulo sabakhubazekile. Izimpawu zokuhamba zivame ukusebenzisa imisindo ngaphezu kwezibonakaliso ezibonakalayo ukuvumela abantu abanemibono yokukhubazeka bazi uma kuphephile ukuwela. Umklamo wendawo yonke awuzuzisi nje abantu abakhubazekile. Imigwaqo ye-Crosswalk iyasiza emindenini ukuxosha abagibeli noma abahamba behudula imithwalo yesondo.
Ukukhubazeka Okubukwayo kanye Nokukhubazeka Okuphrinta
Ukukhubazeka okubonakalayo kuvamile kakhulu. Eqinisweni, izigidi ezingu-14 eziMelika zithola ukukhubazeka okubonakalayo ngezinga elithile, nakuba abantu abaningi badinga ubuchwepheshe bokusiza ama-eyeglass. Abantu baseMelika abayizigidi ezintathu banezinkinga ezibonakalayo ezingenakulungiswa ngezibuko. Kwabanye abantu, akuyona indaba yenkinga yangempela ngamehlo abo. Ukufunda umehluko njengo-dyslexia kungenza kube nzima ukufunda umbhalo. Amakhomphyutha namadivayisi eselula afana namafoni namaphilisi anikeze inombolo ekhulayo yezixazululo ezintsha zokusiza kokubili ukukhubazeka okubukwayo nokukhubazeka kokuphrinta.
Abafundi Besikrini
Abafundi bekrini (njengoba kuzwakala) izinhlelo zokusebenza noma izinhlelo ezifunda umbhalo esibukweni, ngokuvamile ngezwi elakhiwe ngekhompyutha. Abanye abantu abakhubazekile nabo basebenzisa isibonisi esikhanyiswayo se-braille , esihumusha isikrini sekhompuyutha (noma ithebhulethi) kusifundi sokuthula se-braille. Abafundi besibuko noma amabonisi e-braille ayi-panacea. Amawebhusayithi nezinhlelo zokusebenza kufanele zenziwe ngendawo yokuhlala ukuze ufunde kahle abafundi bekrini nokubonisa okunye.
Kokubili amafoni we-Android nama-iOS namaphilisi ayenzile abafundi bekrini. Ku- iOS lokhu kubizwa nge- VoiceOver , futhi ku-Android, kubizwa ngokuthi i- TalkBack . Ungakwazi ukufinyelela kokubili ngokusebenzisa izilungiselelo zokufinyelela kumadivayisi aqondene nawo. (Uma uzama ukukwenza lokhu kukhishwe isifiso, kungathatha izinyathelo ezimbalwa ukuyikhubaza.) Umfundi we-Kindle Fire owakhiwe ngaphakathi kwesikrini ubizwa ngokuthi i- Explore by Touch.
Ama-smartphone namaphilisi anezicabha zokuthinta angase abonakale enesifiso sokukhetha abantu abangaboni kahle, kodwa abantu abaningi bakuthola kulula ukusebenzisa nezilungiselelo zokuhlala ezinikezwe amandla. Ngokuvamile, ungasetha isikrini sasekhaya kokubili iOS ne-Android ukuze ube nenombolo ehleliwe yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezindaweni ezihleliwe esikrinini. Lokho kusho ukuthi ungathinta umunwe wakho endaweni efanele kwesikrini ngaphandle kokubona isithonjana. Uma i-Talkback noma i-VoiceOver inikwe amandla, ukuthelela esikrinini kuzokwenza indawo yokugxila ecishe ibe yinto oyithinte (lokhu kuchazwe kumbala ohlukile). Izwi lekhompyutheni yefoni noma lethebulethi lizofunda lokho okushiwo "inkinobho elungile" bese uyiphonsa futhi ukuqinisekisa ukukhetha kwakho noma uthephe kwenye indawo ukuyikhansela.
Kumakhompyutha nama-laptop, kunezinhlobonhlobo zabafundi bekrini. I-Apple ikhiphe i-VoiceOver kuwo wonke amakhompyutha awo, futhi angaphumelela kubonisi be-braille. Ungawuvula ngokusebenzisa imenyu yokufinyeleleka noma ukuguqula noma ukuvala ngokucindezela umyalo-F5. Ngokungafani ne-TalkBack yefoni ne-VoiceOver, empeleni kulula kakhulu ukunika amandla futhi ukhubaza lesi sici. Izinguqulo zakamuva ze-Windows nazo zinikeza izici zokufinyelela ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ku-Narrator, nakuba abasebenzisi abaningi beWindows bakhetha ukulanda isofthiwe yokufunda isikrini esinamandla kakhulu njenge-NVDA yamahhala (kwi-Visual Desktop Access) kanye ne-JAWS ethandwa kodwa ebiza kakhulu Scientific.
Abasebenzisi be-Linux bangasebenzisa i-ORCA yokufunda kwesikrini noma i-BRLTTY yezibonisi ze-braille.
Abafundi bekrini bavame ukusetshenziselwa ngokuhlanganiswa nezinqamuleli zekhibhodi kunegundane.
Imiyalo Yezwi Nokumisa
Imiyalo yezwi yisibonelo esihle sokuklama kwendawo yonke, njengoba ingasetshenziswa yinoma ubani ongakwazi ukukhuluma ngokucacile. Abasebenzisi bangathola imiyalo yezwi kuzo zonke izinguqulo zamuva ze-Mac, i-Windows, i-Android, ne-iOS. Ukuze usebenzise isikhathi eside, kukhona nesofthiwe yokuqaphela inkulumo ye-dragon.
Ukuphakanyiswa nokuqhathaniswa
Abantu abaningi abanokukhubazeka okubukwayo bangabona kepha bengakwazi kahle ukufunda umbhalo noma ukubuka izinto kwesikrini sekhompyutha esivamile. Lokhu kungase kwenzeke nakithi njengoba sinyakala futhi amehlo ethu ashintsha. Ukumaketha nokwahlukana kombhalo ngelokho. Abasebenzisi be-Apple bancike kakhulu ekusebenzeni kokufinyeleleka kwe-MacOS kanye nezinqamuleli zekhibhodi ukusondeza izingxenye zeskrini, kuyilapho abasebenzisi be-Windows bakhetha ukufaka i-ZoomText. Ungase futhi ulungise ngokwehlukana izilungiselelo zesiphequluli sakho ukuze wandise umbhalo ku-Chrome, Firefox, i-Microsoft Edge, ne-Safari noma ufake amathuluzi wokufinyelela okuhlukile wesiphequluli sakho.
Ngokungeziwe (noma esikhundleni) ukukhulisa umbhalo, abanye abantu bakuthola kuwusizo kakhulu ukwandisa umehluko, ukuguqula imibala, ukuguqula yonke into ibe yi-grayscale, noma ukwandise usayizi we-cursor. I-Apple iphinde inikeze inketho yokwenza isikhombisi segundane sikhulu uma "sishukumisa", okusho ukuthi uguqula isikhombisi emuva nangaphezulu.
Amafoni we-Android ne-iOS angaphakamisa umbhalo noma ashintshe ukungafani kokubonisa, nakuba lokhu kungase kungasebenzi kahle kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Kwabanye abantu abanokukhubazeka okuphrinta, abafundi be-e-mail bangenza ukufunda kube lula noma ngokungeza umbhalo enkulumweni noma ngokushintsha ukubonisa.
Izincazelo zomsindo
Akuwona wonke amavidiyo awanikeza wona, kodwa amanye amavidiyo anikezela izincazelo zomsindo, eziyi-voiceovers ezichaza isenzo esenzeka kuvidiyo kubantu abangakwazi ukukubona. Lokhu kuhluke kumagama-ncazo, okuyizincazelo zemibhalo yamazwi ashiwo.
Izimoto Zokuzithandela
Lokhu akulona ubuchwepheshe obukhona kumuntu ojwayelekile namuhla, kodwa i-Google isivele ihlola izimoto zokuzishayela ezihambayo nabagibeli abayizimpumputhe abangapheli.
Ukuzwa Ukukhubazeka
Ukuzwa ukulahlekelwa kuvame kakhulu. Nakuba abantu abaningi abazwayo bevame ukucabanga ngokulahlekelwa ukuzwa okuncane njengokuthi "kunzima ukuzwa" nokulahlekelwa ukuzwa okuphelele "njengezithulu," incazelo iyinhloko enkulu. Iningi labantu abazibona njengezithulu banesilinganiso esithile sokuzwa (kungase kungabi ngokwanele ukuqonda inkulumo). Yingakho ukukhuliswa kuyindlela ejwayelekile yokusiza (ikakhulukazi ukuthi yiziphi izinsiza zokuzwa ezenzayo.)
Ukuxhumana kwefoni nokuLahleka kokuzwa
Ukuxhumana kwefoni phakathi komuntu oyisithulu nomuntu ozwayo kungenziwa e-US ngokusebenzisa isevisi yokudlulisela emuva. Izinsizakalo zokudlulisela ngokuvamile zifaka umhumushi womuntu phakathi kwabantu ababili engxoxweni. Enye indlela isebenzisa umbhalo (TTY) kanti enye isebenzisa ividiyo yokusakaza kanye nolimi lwezandla. Kunoma yikuphi, umhumushi womuntu ufunda umbhalo kusuka kumshini we-TTY noma uhumusha ulimi lwezandla ukuze akhulume isiNgisi ukuze adlulisele ukuxhumana kumuntu ozwayo efonini. Le nqubo ephuthumayo neyinkimbinkimbi ehilela okuningi ngemuva nangaphezulu futhi idinga ezimweni eziningi ukuthi omunye umuntu uyayithanda ingxoxo. Okuhlukile ingxoxo ye-TTY esebenzisa isofthiwe yokuqaphela inkulumo njengomlamuleli.
Uma bobabili abasebenzisi benesidingo se-TTY, ingxoxo ingenzeka ngokuphelele embhalweni ngaphandle komqhubi we-relay. Noma kunjalo, amanye amadivaysi e-TTY ayengaphambi kokuthumela imiyalezo kanye nokuthumela imiyalezo izinhlelo zokusebenza futhi abhekana nokushiyeka okuthile, njengokungalinganiselwe komugqa owodwa we-cap-text umbhalo ngaphandle kwezimpendulo. Kodwa-ke, basabalulekile kubathumeli bokuphuthumayo, njengoba umuntu oyisithulu angenza ucingo lwe-TTY ngaphandle kokulinda isevisi yokudlulisela emuva ukuhumusha ulwazi oluphuthumayo emuva nangaphambili.
Amazwibela
Amavidiyo angasebenzisa amazwibela ukuze abonise ingxoxo ekhulunyweyo ngokusebenzisa umbhalo. Vula amazwibela ngamazwibela adalwe unomphela njengengxenye yevidiyo futhi ayikwazi ukuhanjiswa noma ukuguqulwa. Iningi labantu lithanda amagamabela avaliwe , angavulwa noma avaliwe futhi ashintshwe. Isibonelo, ku-Youtube, ungadonsela uphinde uphonsa amagama-ncazo avaliwe kwenye indawo esibukweni uma amazwibela evimba umbono wakho wesenzo. (Qhubeka futhi uzame). Ungashintsha futhi ifonti bese uqhathanisa amagamabela.
- Iya kuvidiyo ye-YouTube ngamazwibela avaliwe.
- Chofoza kuzilungiselelo
- Chofoza ku-Subtitles / CC
- Kusuka lapha ungase futhi ukhethe ukuhumusha ngokuzenzakalela, kodwa siyazinqabela ukuthi okwamanje, chofoza Izinketho
- Ungashintsha izilungiselelo eziningi ezihlanganisa umndeni wefonti, usayizi wombhalo, umbala wombhalo, i-font opacity, umbala wangemuva, ukukhanya kwendawo yangemuva, umbala wewindi ne-opacity, nesitayela sezingqimba.
- Ungadinga ukupheqa ukuze ubone zonke izinketho.
- Ungasetha kabusha ngokuzenzakalelayo kule menyu futhi.
Cishe wonke amafomethi wevidiyo asekela amazwibela avaliwe, kodwa ukuze amagamabela angavumelekile asebenze kahle, omunye umuntu kufanele afake umbhalo wegama-ncazo. I-YouTube iyazama ukuhumusha ngokuzenzakalela usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufanayo bokuthola izwi obanika imiyalo yezwi le-Google Now, kodwa imiphumela ayiyona into enhle noma enembile ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Okhulumayo
Kulabo abangakwazi ukukhuluma, kunezinamba eziningi zokwenza izinto zezwi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokusekela obuhumusha ukuzithokozisa zibe umbhalo. UStephen Hawking angase abe isibonelo esidume kakhulu somuntu osebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokusiza ukukhuluma.
Ezinye izinhlobo zokukhulumisana okungeziwe futhi okunye (AAC) zingabandakanya izixazululo ezincane zobuchwepheshe ezifana namaphoyinti laser kanye namabhodi okuxhumana (njengoba kuboniswe kwi-TV Show Speechless), amadivaysi azinikele, noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-Proloquo2Go.