Ifa Lokungeniswa: Umxhumanisi we-Apple, uMsunguli we-NeXT, i-CEO yePixar
USteven Paul Jobs washona ngo-Okthoba 5, 2011, ngemuva kokulwa nomdlavuza we-pancreatic. Wayeneminyaka engu-56. Wayengu-co-founder, i-CEO yezinkampani ezimbili, kanye nosihlalo we-Apple Inc. Usinda ngumkakhe, uLaurene Powell Jobs, nezingane ezine.
Impumelelo emisebenzini yomsebenzi yayiningi futhi ibalulekile. Wasiza ekwandiseni ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu, ehola ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo ye-groundbreaking kuhlanganise ne-Macintosh, i-iPod, ne-iPhone, futhi iholele ukuqhuma kwe-Pixar Animation Studios. Imisebenzi 'ye-charisma, ukushayela ukuphumelela nokulawula, futhi umbono ubangele izinguquko eziguquguqukayo ekusetshenzisweni nasekuthandeni ubuchwepheshe ekuphileni kwezinsuku zonke zabantu abaningi emhlabeni.
Steve Jobs & # 39; Isiqalo sokuphila
Wazalelwa eSan Francisco ngo-1955 waya kubazali baseSyria abafudukayo kanye nomama okhulile eWisconsin, Imisebenzi yamukelwa yiPaul and Clara Imisebenzi yaseSanta Clara, Calif. Imisebenzi yayiya esikoleni esiphakeme eC Cupertino, Calif., Idolobha lapho i-Apple isekelwe khona. Ngo-1972, waya esikoleni saseReed ePortland, u-Ore, kodwa waya ngemuva kwe-semester. Imisebenzi yabuyela eCalifornia ngo-1974, lapho esebenza khona e-Atari. Umngane wezisebenzi nomngane wezebhizinisi ophethayo uSteve Wozniak naye wasebenza e-Atari ngaleso sikhathi.
I-Apple: Ukuphakama nokukhishwa kwesikhashana
Imisebenzi ehlangene i-Apple Inc., eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Apple Computer, ne-Wozniak. Ibhizinisi labo langempela lanikeza ibhodi lesifunda labadlali bokuzikhandla ukuba bakhe amakhompyutha abo. Naphezu kwalesi sifo sokuqala, i-Apple yasisiza ekusebenziseni ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu nokufakwa kwe-Apple II ngo-1976.
Leyo mishini yaqala ukushintsha ushintsho lwama-computing-i-Macintosh. I-Mac OS yiyindlela yokuqala etholakalayo yokuhweba futhi etholakale kabanzi ukuze isebenzise isikhombimsebenzisi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi esivamile namuhla. Kwakungowokuqala ukusebenzisa igundane lokuxhumana nezithonjana esikrinini. I-Mac yayiyimpumelelo enkulu nemisebenzi eqoshiwe futhi i-Apple ibe isikhundla sezinkampani zekhompyutha ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni.
Le nkampani yenza ukuqhuma okukhulu nge-1984 Super Bowl yezohwebo ezazisa ukuthi iMacintosh. Lesi sikhangiso sidlala ngoveli kaGeorge Orwell sika- 1984 futhi sabeka i-IBM njengoMfowethu Omkhulu, kuyilapho i-Apple imelela abahlubuki abanobuqhawe abahlukumeza inkululeko.
Ngaleso sikhathi, Imisebenzi yayikhiphe isikhulu esiphezulu uJohn Sculley kude noPepsiCo ukuba abe CEO ye-Apple. Kodwa, phakathi nokuthengiswa kwe-1985, Imisebenzi yalahlekelwa umzabalazo wamandla ezinkampanini ku-Sculley nebhodi labaqondisi benkampani. Washiya i-Apple.
I-NEXT: Inselele Entsha
Imisebenzi yasungula ikhompyutha ye-NeXT, inkampani ethatha izifundo zemifanekiso ezifunyenwe empumelelweni ye-Mac futhi yabashada namandla okusebenzisa i-Unix system. Amakhompiyutha we-NEXT asethempelini futhi aphezulu, kodwa abiza, awazange abanjwe ngendlela eyenziwa ngayo imigqa ye-Apple II noma ye-Mac. I-NEXT yakwazi ukugcina ibhizinisi elizinzile kusuka ngo-1985-1997. Ngo-1997, i-NeXT yathatha indima entsha, futhi eningi kakhulu ephakathi kwe-Apple.
I-Pixar: I-Hobby Yaba I-Powerhouse
Ngenkathi ku-NeXT, Imisebenzi ithenge ukwahlukana kwekhompiyutha ye-Lucasfilm Ltd. ngo-1986 nge $ 10 million. Leyo hlu yaba Pixar Animation Studios. Imisebenzi ekhonjwe njenge-CEO yayo kanye nabaninimasheya abaningi.
Imisebenzi ekuqaleni yayibheke uPixar njengenkampani yekhompyutha ye-computer eyayingathengisa imishini yokugcina eliphezulu eHollywood. Lapho lelo bhizinisi lihluleka ukukhipha, inkampani yashintsha yaba ngumenzi we-movie enamafilimu ngenkontileka ne-Disney.
Ngaphansi kobuholi beMisebenzi, uPixar waba yingqungquthela yokubumba i-movie eHollywood, ukuletha uhlamvu lwe-smash hits, kuhlanganise ne- Toy Story , i- A bug's Life , i- Monsters Inc. , i- Find Nemo , i- Incredibles , ne- Wall-E , phakathi kwabanye.
Ngo-2006, Imisebenzi yenze ukuthengiswa kwePixar kuya kuWalt Disney Co I-deal yafika kuye ebhodini likaDisney yamenza waba ngumnikazi wesabelo esikhulu kunazo zonke yenkampani. Ngemuva kokuphetha kwalolu daba, i-Fortune Magazine okuthiwa Imisebenzi yayo yowomabhizinisi onamandla kakhulu ka-2007.
Ukubuyela ku-Apple: Ukuncintisana
Imisebenzi ithola lesi sihloko hhayi nje ngenxa yendima yakhe eDisney kodwa futhi ngoba ubuyele ku-Apple njengoSihlalo wayo kanye noMphathi we-CEO.
Ngasekupheleni kuka-1996, Imisebenzi yayibheke ukuthengiswa kwe-NeXT kuya ku-Apple futhi yabuyela esikhundleni sobuholi enkampanini eyasungula. Ubuchwepheshe obusekelwe kwi-Hardware ne-software ye-NeXT buzuzwe ngemali engu-$ 429 wezigidi. Yaba isisekelo sesistimu yokusebenza ye-Mac OS X esilandelayo.
Ngesikhathi i-Apple CEO Gil Amelio ixoshwa yiBhodi yabaqondisi ngonyaka ka-1997, Imisebenzi ibuyele enkampanini njenge-CEO yayo yesikhashana.
Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Apple yayisungulwe ngaphansi kwe-marketshare ephansi, isu elihlelekile le-OS-licensing, kanye nomugqa womkhiqizo ongagciniwe. Konke lokhu kwaholela ekucabangeni okuningi emaphephandabeni naku-intanethi ukuthi inkampani ingabe ihlangane nomunye umshini noma iphume ibhizinisi. Ukuze kugcinwe inkampani, Imisebenzi ngokushesha yaqala uchungechunge lwezikhathi ezithile ezingavunyelwe umkhiqizo. Lokhu kufaka ukukhansela imikhiqizo emihle kodwa ilandele ngenkuthalo imikhiqizo efana ne-Newton PDA.
Umkhiqizo owokuqala wokuqala weMisebenzi 'ukuhlala kwesibili ku-Apple kwakuyi-iMac, ikhompiyutha yonke-inye eyethulwa ngo-1998. Iseyikhiqizwa namuhla. I-iMac yayilandelwa yizintambo zekhompyutha ephathekayo ne-desktop, nakuba ezinye izinkinga-njengeCube Power G G4- ezixubene.
Ngaphansi kobuholi beMisebenzi, i-Apple ibuyele emgodini we-bankruptcy ukuze iphinde ibe yinkampani ezinzile, ephumelelayo. Kodwa, ngenxa yokungeniswa kwegajethi encane, inkampani izokwanda ngokushesha.
I-iPod
Ngo-Okthoba 2001, i-Apple yavula iPod yokuqala . Isidlali somculo we-digital ye-cigaret-pack-digital sinikeze u-5 GB wesitoreji (okwanele izingoma ezingaba ngu-1 000) nesibonakaliso esilula. Kwakuyi-hit esheshayo.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-iPod kwakunqunywe yimisebenzi-abangazange bathande abadlali bomculo be-digital abakhona kanye nokuxhumana kwabo okunzima-futhi babhekwa yikhanda lobuchwepheshe uJon Rubinstein nomklami wemikhiqizo uJonathan Ive.
I-iPod isebenze isofthiwe ye-Apple yokuphathwa komculo wedeskithophu, i-iTunes, eyayisetshenziswe ngoJanuwari 2001. Ukuhlanganiswa kokusetshenziswa kokusebenza kanye nezici ezinamandla ezinikezwa yi-pair kwenza i-iPod ifinye. I-Apple yaqala ukwanda okusheshayo komugqa womkhiqizo we-iPod ukufaka i- Mini , i- nano , i- Shuffle , futhi kamuva ukuthinta . Yethula ama-iPod amasha cishe zonke izinyanga eziyisithupha.
I-ITunes iphinde iguquke futhi yengeze Isitolo se-iTunes ngokuthengiswa komculo okulandiwe ngo-2003 namabhayisikobho ngo-2005. Ngalokho, i-Apple imise indawo yayo embonini yomculo futhi yenza inhlanganisela ye-iPod / iTunes inamba evamile yomculo we-digital. Ngo-2008, i- Apple yayingumthengisi womhlaba omkhulu kunawo wonke (inthanethi noma ungaxhunyiwe ku-intanethi) , futhi izinkampani zerekhodi zaqala ukukhathazeka ngokubusa kuka-Apple ebhizinisini labo. Ngonyaka ka-2009, iTitolo leTunes lithengise ingoma yayo eyi-6 billion.
I-iPhone
NgoJanuwari 2007, i-Apple yandisa ukuphumelela kwe-iPod, futhi yazibekela yona ukuguqula enye imakethe, lapho isimemezela i- iPhone . Leyo divayisi yasungulwa ngeMisebenzi 'yokubheka nokubandakanyeka futhi yayiyinto esheshayo yokukhishwa. I-iPhone yokuqala ithengise amayunithi angu-270,000 emahoreni ayo okuqala angu-30 okutholakala. Umlandeli walo, i- iPhone 3G , uthengise amayunithi ayizigidi ezingu-1 ezinsukwini zayo zokuqala ezintathu emva konyaka.
Ngo-Mashi 2009, i-Apple yayithengise ama-iPhones angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-17, futhi yayidlula ukuthengiswa kwekota kwe-smartphone eyayivelele ngaphambilini, i-Blackberry .
Ukulandela ukuphumelela kwe-iTunes Store, i-iPhone ithole i-App Store, inikeza isofthiwe yangaphandle, ngoJulayi 2008. NgoJanuwari 2009, ibhalisile ukulandwa kwezigidi ezingu-500 . Kwakuthathe i-iTunes Store iminyaka emibili ukuze kufinyelele uphawu olufanayo. I-Apple yayinezinye izingxenye ezandleni zayo.
Ikhefu lezeMpilo
Phakathi nale mpumelelo, Imisebenzi yayigxiliwe imibuzo mayelana nempilo yakhe, ikakhulukazi emva koMhlangano Wabagqugquzeli Emhlabeni Wonke ngo-2006 lapho ebheka khona kakhulu kunobunzima kunalokho ayekade ekhona esikhathini esidlule.
NgoJanuwari 2009, Imisebenzi ikhishwe isitatimende esithi ukubonakala kwakhe kwakuhlobene nokungalingani kwe-hormonal eyenza umzimba wakhe udinga amaprotheni. Lesi sitatimende sathi odokotela bakhe bacabanga ukuthi bathole isizathu, ukuthi uzofuna ukwelashwa, nokuthi ngeke akhulume kakhulu ngesihloko, njengoba ezwa ukuthi kuyindaba yomuntu siqu.
Kodwa-ke, ezinsukwini ezingaphansi kwezingu-10 kamuva kwatshelwa ukuthi izinkinga zeMisebenzi 'zezempilo zazingathí sina kunokuba ziqashe kuqala. Uzobe esithatha ikhefu lezinyanga eziyisithupha zokungabikho enkampanini. Isitoreji senkampani ekuqaleni saqala ukushaya, kodwa sabuyiselwa ezingeni ezimbalwa amaphuzu angaphansi kwesimemezelo phakathi nesonto. UTim Cook, isikhulu esiphezulu senkampani, wayekhonza njenge-CEO eMisebenzini.
Imisebenzi yabuyela emsebenzini ku-Apple ngasekupheleni kuka-Juni 2009, njengoba kuhleliwe. Kubikwa ukuthi wayezibandakanya kakhulu ne-Apple ngemuva kokubuya kwakhe.
I-iPad
Ngaphansi kobuholi beMisebenzi, i-Apple yakhuliswa futhi yakhululwa izizukulwane ezimbili ze-iPad. I-iPad yashintsha imakethe yekhompyutha yamathebhulethi ngaphambilini engacacile ibe yimbane yamandla abaphikisanayo abazange bakwazi ukulingana futhi lokho kusongela ukuguqula imakethe yendabuko yamakhompyutha. Ngokuthengiswa kwama-iPads angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-25 okungaphezu konyaka, i-iPad yasisiza ukuba iqoqe inkathi ye-"post-PC" yekhompuyutha futhi ishintshe ubuhlobo bethu nobuchwepheshe.
Ukumiswa nokufa
Ngo-Agasti 23, 2011-phakathi kwesinye ikhefu elihlobene nezempilo elivela enkampanini-Imisebenzi ishicilelwe njenge-CEO ye-Apple, ethi "ngeke isakwazi ukuhlangabezana nemisebenzi yami nokulindela kwami." Isikhulu esiphezulu sokusebenza uTim Cook uthathe iMisebenzi njenge-Apple CEO. Imisebenzi igcinwe isikhundla sakhe njengoSihlalo webhodi le-Apple, isihloko sakhe somqondisi, futhi saqhubeka sibe isisebenzi se-Apple.
Imisebenzi yafa cishe amasonto ayisithupha ngemuva kokuyeka kwakhe.
I-Steve Jobs 'Legacy
Mhlawumbe akekho omunye ophethe inkumbulo yanamuhla, okungenzeka ukuthi uBill Gates, kungenzeka ukuthi uhlanganiswe eduze nenkampani yakhe, futhi impumelelo yayo-kanye nombono womphakathi wale mpumelelo-njengeMisebenzi.
Abanye baye baqhathanisa Imisebenzi kanye nefa lakhe kulabo abalingiswa bezomlando abafana noThomas Edison, uHenry Ford, noWalt Disney. Kodwa-ke, abanye baye baba yizicukuthwane ezingaphansi, bambeka esimeni sesibili sesibalo semicimbi yezomlando ngenxa yengcebo yakhe encane eqoqiwe kanye neminikelo yokusiza.
Naphezu kwanoma yikuphi ukuhlaziywa okwenza imisebenzi eNkampanini engavamile yenkampani, ukuphathwa kwakhe nezitayela zakhe kuye kwaba yimbangela nokukhathazeka. Imisebenzi yayisho ngokuhleka ukuthi ine "insimu yokuhlanekezela yangempela," igama elisetshenziswe abaningi ukuchaza amandla ebuntu bakhe nokuba khona kwakhe, nokukwazi kwakhe ukukholisa abantu ngezikhundla zakhe.
Ubuntu bakhe futhi kwaholela ekugxekeni isitayela sokuphatha esihlanganisa ukulingana okuqinile kokubili ukwesaba nokufihlwa. Ngaphansi kwemisebenzi, i-Apple yayidume kakhulu ngokuvikela ngokuqinile imininingwane yemikhiqizo emisha yokuqalisa, kuze kube manje ukufaka amawebhusayithi amahemuhemu futhi ubambe amadili nabalingani abafaka ulwazi. Esikhathini seminyaka eyizinkulungwane, i-Apple iye yaziwa ngenxa yesifiso sayo-futhi impumelelo jikelele ekwenzeni kanjalo-ukulawula ukufakwa kwezindaba mayelana nayo.
Naphezu kwalokhu ukugxeka, i-Apple Jobs yakha ifaka, inemali engaphezu kwezingu-$ 285 billion, isandla sokwanda kwemakethe, kanye nesisekelo samakhasimende azinikele kakhulu. Ngo-Septemba 2011, yaba yinkampani ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni . Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kuye kwashintshashintsha njalo phakathi kwendawo ephezulu futhi eduze kwayo.
Ukugxeka, uSteve Jobs wayengumbono wezobuchwepheshe oguqule okungenani izimakethe ezintathu-amakhompiyutha, umculo we-digital, namafoni-futhi ashintsha indlela esisebenza ngayo nokuxhumana ngayo. Ifa lakhe alifani nomlando wamabhizinisi wamanje waseMelika. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuphila wenza isisekelo somphakathi wekusasa.