Akungenakwenzeka ukuxoxa nge-software yehluzo ngaphandle kokuqala ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zehluzo ezinkulu ze-2D: i-bitmap nemifanekiso ye- vector .
Amaqiniso Ngezithombe ze-Bitmap
Izithombe ze- Bitmap (ezaziwa nangokuthi izithombe ze-raster) zenziwe ngamaphikseli egridi. Ama-pixel ayizici zesithombe: izikwele ezincane zombala ngamunye owenza lokho okubonayo esikrinini sakho. Zonke lezi zindawo ezincane zombala zihlangana ndawonye ukwakha izithombe ozibonayo. Abahloli bekhompyutha babonisa amaphikseli, futhi inombolo yangempela ixhomeke kuzilungiselelo zakho zokuqapha nezesikrini. I- smartphone ephaketheni lakho ingabonisa izikhathi eziningana ngamaphikseli amaningi njengekhompyutha yakho.
Isibonelo, izithonjana kwideskithophu yakho zijwayele ngamaphikseli angama-32 ngamaphikseli angama-32, okusho ukuthi amachashazi angu-32 ombala ahamba ngendlela ngayinye. Uma kuhlangene, lawa madachazi amancane enza isithombe.
Isithonjana esiboniswe ekhoneni elingenhla lesokudla lesithombe esingenhla yisithonjana sedeskithophu esivamile ekubonisweni kwesikrini. Njengoba ukhulisa isithonjana, ungaqala ukubona ngokucacile umugqa ngamunye wesigcawu sombala. Qaphela ukuthi izindawo ezimhlophe zangemuva zingamaphikseli athile, nakuba zibonakala zibe umbala owodwa oqinile.
Isixazululo se-Bitmap
Izithombe ze-Bitmap ziyisixazululo esinqunyiwe. Isixazululo sibhekisela kwinombolo yamaphikseli esithombeni futhi kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i- dpi (amachashazi ngamasentimitha ngamabili) noma i- ppi (amaphikseli nge-inch) . Izithombe ze-Bitmap zikhonjiswa kwesikrini sakho sekhompyutheni ekulungisweni kwesikrini: cishe i-100 ppi.
Noma kunjalo, uma ushicilela i-bitmaps, iphrinta yakho idinga idatha engaphezulu yesithombe kunomqapha. Ukuze unikeze isithombe se-bitmap ngokunembile, iphrinta yedeskithophu ejwayelekile idinga 150-300 ppi. Uma uke wazibuza ukuthi kungani isithombe sakho esiphezulu se-dpi sibonakala sikhulu kakhulu ekuqapha kwakho, yingakho.
Ukuvuselela Izithombe Nezixazululo
Ngenxa yokuthi i-bitmaps iyisinqumo esinqunyiwe, akunakwenzeka ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa usayizi wabo ngaphandle kokunikela ngezinga eliphezulu lesithombe. Uma unciphisa usayizi wesithombe se-bitmap ngokusebenzisa isampuli yesofthiwe yakho noma ushintsha umyalo, amaphikseli kufanele alahlwe.
Uma ukwandisa usayizi wesithombe se-bitmap ngokusebenzisa isampula yesampula noma isilawuli sakho, isofthiwe kufanele idale amaphikseli amasha. Uma udala amaphikseli, isofthiwe kufanele ilinganise amanani ombala wamaphikseli amasha asekelwe amaphikseli azungezile. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-interpolation.
Ukuqonda ukuphambana
Uma uphinda kabili isinqumo sesithombe ufaka amaphikseli. Ake sicabange ukuthi unephikseli ebomvu ne-pixel eluhlaza eceleni komunye nomunye. Uma uphinda kabili isinqumo uzobe ungeze amaphikseli amabili phakathi kwawo. Iyiphi imibala efana naleyo ma pixels amasha? I-interpolation yinkqubo yesinqumo esinqumayo ukuthi imbala yilaphi amaphikseli angeziwe ayoba; ikhompiyutha ingeza lokho okucabanga ukuthi yimibala efanele.
Ukulinganisa isithombe
Ukwehlisa isithombe akuthinti isithombe unomphela. Ngamanye amazwi, alishintshi inani lamaphikseli esithombeni. Lokho okwenzayo kubenza bakhulu. Noma kunjalo, uma ulinganisela isithombe se-bitmap ngobukhulu obukhulu kwisofthiwe yakho yokuhlela ikhasi, uzobona ukubonakala okucacile. Ngisho noma ungayiboni esikrinini sakho, kuzobonakala kakhulu esithombeni esinyathelisiwe.
Ukwehlisa umfanekiso we-bitmap usayizi omncane awunawo umphumela; Empeleni, uma wenza lokhu ukhulisa ngokuphumelelayo i-ppi yesithombe ukuze iphrinta ngokucacile. Kanjani? Usenayo inombolo efanayo yamaphikseli endaweni encane.
Izinhlelo eziningi zokuhlela ze-bitmap ziyi:
- I-Microsoft Paint
- I-Adobe Photoshop
- I-Corel Photo-Paint
- I-Corel Paint Shop Pro
- I-GIMP
Zonke izithombe ezithwetshiwe yi-bitmaps, futhi zonke izithombe ezivela kumakhamera wedijithali yi-bitmaps.
Izinhlobo ze-Bitmap Formats
Amafomethi we-bitmap evamile afaka:
Ukuguqula phakathi kwamafomethi we-bitmap ngokuvamile kulula njengokuvula isithombe sokuguqulwa nokusebenzisa umyalo we- Save Asofthiwe yakho ukuze ulondoloze kunoma iyiphi enye ifomethi ye-bitmap esekelwe isofthiwe yakho.
I-Bitmaps no-Transparency
Izithombe ze-Bitmap, ngokujwayelekile, azisekeli ngokuqondile obala. Amafomethi ambalwa afanele - okuyi-GIF no-PNG - asekela obala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo eziningi zokuhlela izithombe zisekela obala, kodwa kuphela uma isithombe sigcinwa esimisweni somuntu siqu seprogram yesofthiwe.
Ukungaqondakali okungajwayelekile ukuthi izindawo ezibonakalayo ezithombeni zizohlala zibala lapho isithombe sigcinwa kwenye ifomethi, noma sikopishwa futhi sidluliselwe kwenye uhlelo. Lokho akusebenzi nje; Kodwa-ke, kunezinqubo zokufihla noma ukuvimbela izindawo ku-bitmap ohlose ukuyisebenzisa kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ukujula kombala
Ukujula kombala kubhekisela enombolweni yemibala engenzeka emfanekisweni. Isibonelo, isithombe se-GIF isithombe sese-8-bit, okusho ukuthi kunemibala engu-256 engasetshenziswa.
Ezinye imibala ejulile yi-16-bit, lapho imibala cishe engama-66,000 iyatholakala; futhi 24-bit, lapho cishe imibala engaba ngu-16 million ekhona. Ukunciphisa noma ukwandisa ukujula kombala kuneza imininingwane engaphezulu noma encane yombala esithombeni ngokunciphisa okuhambelanayo noma ukwandisa usayizi wefayela nokulingiswa kwesithombe.
Amaqiniso Ngama-Vector Images
Nakuba kungeyona evame ukusetshenziswa njengehluzo ze-bitmap, ihluzo ze-vector zinamakhono amaningi. Izithombe ze-Vector zakhiwa ngabaningi, izinto ezinokutsha.
Lezi zinto zichazwe ngokulinganisa ngezibalo, okuthiwa i-Bezier Curves, kunama-pixels, ngakho-ke bahlale behlinzeka ngekhwalithi ephezulu ngoba bazimele abadlali. Izinto zingaba nemigqa, ama-curves, namafomu anezimfanelo ezihlelekile ezifana nombala, ukugcwalisa, kanye nohlaka.
Ukushintsha izimfanelo zento ye-vector akuthinti into ngokwalo. Ungashintsha ngokukhululekile noma yiliphi inani lezici zobuntu ngaphandle kokubhubhisa into eyisisekelo. Into ingaguqulwa hhayi kuphela ngokushintsha izimfanelo zayo kodwa futhi ngokuyihlela nokuyiguqula usebenzisa ama-node nokulawula izimpambo. Ukuze uthole isibonelo sokuphatha amaphuzu wezinto, bheka isifundo sami se-CorelDRAW ekudwebeni inhliziyo.
Izinzuzo zeVector Images
Ngenxa yokuthi i-scalable, izithombe ezisekelwe ku-vector ziyizixazululo ezizimele. Ungakhuphula futhi unciphise ubukhulu bezithombe ze-vector kunoma yikuphi izinga futhi imigqa yakho izohlala igcwele futhi ibukhali, kokubili kwesikrini futhi kuphrintiwe.
Amafonti ayiluhlobo lwento ye-vector.
Enye inzuzo yezithombe ze-vector wukuthi azigcini ngokwakhiwa kwe-rectangular njenge-bitmaps. Izinto ze-Vector zingafakwa phezu kwezinye izinto, futhi into engezansi izobonisa. Umbuthano we-vector ne-bitmap circle yenza sengathi ufana ncamashi uma uboniswa emlandweni omhlophe, kodwa uma ufaka umbuthano we-bitmap ngaphezu komunye umbala, unobhokisi obunxantathu nxazonke ukusuka kumaphikiseli amhlophe esithombeni.
Izinkinga zeVector Images
Izithombe ze-Vector zinemihlomulo eminingi, kodwa ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko ukuthi akufanelekile ukukhiqiza izithombe ezingokoqobo zithombe. Izithombe ze-Vector ngokuvamile zakhiwe ezindaweni eziqinile zombala noma ama-gradients, kodwa azikwazi ukukhombisa amathoni aphilisayo esithombeni. Yingakho iningi lezithombe ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo zivame ukuba nokubukeka okunjenge-cartoon.
Noma kunjalo, ihluzo ze-vector zilokhu zithuthuka kakhulu, futhi singenza okuningi ngokudweba kwe-vector manje kunokuba singakwazi eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Amathuluzi we-vector lanamuhla akuvumela ukuthi usebenzise ukuthungwa kwe-bitmapped ezintweni ezizinikeza ukubukeka kwe-photo, futhi manje usungakha ama-soft blends, ukukhanya, nokushefa okwakube kunzima ukufeza kuzo izinhlelo zokudweba i-vector.
I-Rasterizing Vector Images
Izithombe ze-Vector zivela ku-software. Awukwazi ukuskena isithombe bese uyisindisa njengefayela le-vector ngaphandle kokusebenzisa isofthiwe yokuguqulwa ekhethekile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izithombe ze-vector zingashintshwa kalula zibe yi-bitmaps. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-rasterizing.
Uma uguqula isithombe se-vector ku-bitmap, ungacacisa isinqumo sokukhishwa kwe-bitmap yokugcina kunoma yisiphi isayizi oyidingayo. Kuhlale kubalulekile ukulondoloza ikhophi yemidwebo yakho yobuciko be-vector ngokwezifiso zayo zangasese ngaphambi kokuba uyiguqule ku-bitmap; uma ishintshiwe ku-bitmap, isithombe silahlekelwa yizo zonke izimfanelo ezinhle ezinawo embusweni we-vector.
Uma uguqula i-vector ku-bitmap 100 ngamaphikseli angu-100 bese unquma ukuthi udinga isithombe sibe sikhulu, kuzodingeka ubuyele emuva kufayela le-vector langempela uphinde uthumele isithombe futhi. Futhi, khumbula ukuthi ukuvula isithombe se-vector ohlelweni lokuhlelwa kwe-bitmap kuvame ukubhubhisa imfanelo ye-vector yesithombe bese kuguqula idatha ye-raster.
Isizathu esivame kakhulu sokufuna ukuguqula i-vector kuya ku-bitmap kungaba ukusetshenziswa kuwebhu. Ifomethi evamile kakhulu futhi eyamukelwayo yezithombe vector kuwebhu yi-SVG noma i-Scalable Vector Graphics.
Ngenxa yemifanekiso ye-vector, ingcono kakhulu iguqulelwe kwifomethi ye- GIF noma ye-PNG yokusetshenziswa kuwebhu. Lokhu kushintsha kancane ngoba iziphequluli eziningi zanamuhla ziyakwazi ukunikeza izithombe ze-SVG.
Amafomethi evamile evumelekile afaka:
- I-AI (i-Adobe Illustrator)
- I-CDR (i-CorelDRAW)
- I-CMX (i-Corel Exchange)
- I-SVG ( ihluzo ze-valala ye-scalable )
- I-CGM I-Metafile ye-Graphic Graphics
- I-DXF AutoCAD
- I-WMF Windows Metafile
Izinhlelo ezidumile zokudweba i-vector yizi:
- I-Adobe Illustrator
- CorelDRAW
- I-Xara Xtreme
- Serif DrawPlus
- I-Inkscape
Amafayili kukhona ihluzo eziqukethe idatha yama-raster kanye ne-vector. Isibonelo, isithombe se-vector esiqukethe into enesimiso se-bitmap esetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa kungaba yimeta. Into ayiseyi-vector, kodwa isici sokugcwalisa siqukethe idatha ye-bitmap.
Amafomethi e-metafile avamile afaka:
- I-EPS (i-Encapsulated PostScript)
- I-PDF (I-Portable Document Format)
- I-PICT (i-Macintosh)