Okungena Kuhlelo Lokubekwa
Uhlobo Lwezinhlelo Zokuhlela
Plans Floor
Ukuhlelwa kwezinto zokwakha kungukuthuthukiswa kwazo zonke ulwazi oludingekayo zokwakha kusukela emvilophini yokwakha ngaphakathi. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuklanywa kwezakhiwo kubhekisela kuzo zonke izinto ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo futhi kushiya ukukhathazeka komklamo wangaphandle kwabanye. Izinhlelo zokuhlela izakhiwo ziyisiqalo sayo yonke imibhalo yokwakha. Isakhiwo sokuqala siqala ngokuthuthukisa imidwebo yangaphambili ukuze ubonise iklayenti ukuze ubeke amazwana kanye / noma ukuvunywa. Lezi midwebo zakha isisekelo sohlelo lwesitezi. Uhlelo lwesitezi luhlelwe ngokuningiliziwe nokulinganiselwe kwezinto ezibonakalayo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo. Amalungiselelo ephansi azoqukatha amanothi kanye nama-callout echaza izinto ezithile noma izinto eziphathelene nokukwakhiwa okudingeka zihanjiswe kumakhi. Amapulani esitezi futhi asebenza njengento "eyisihluthulelo" jikelele ukukhombisa umakhi lapho ukuthola khona ulwazi oluqondile ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zesakhiwo. Kuyinto evamile ukwenza izinhlelo zokuhlela phansi esilinganisweni lapho sonke isakhiwo singaba khona-ngokucophelela- siboniswe ekhasini elilodwa ukuze ubukhulu bomhlaba bube lula ukubona, bese kudala izinhlelo ezinkulu zokubamba izindawo ezinamandla, ezifana nezindlu zokuphumula noma izitebhisi.
Ukubhekiselwe kulezi zinhlelo zokushaya ukushaya kwenziwa ngamabhokisi ahlasele azungeze indawo ekhonjiwe futhi abhalwe ngamabhuloho okushaya ucingo abhekisela kumakhi kwisihloko / isihloko sekhasi lapho kutholakale khona uhlelo olwandisiwe. Amapulani esiteji azophinde asebenzise isigaba namabhulebhu okuphakama abonisa hhayi kuphela indawo yalemininingwane kodwa futhi afaka phakathi izimpawu zomcibisholo ezibonisa isiqondiso lapho imininingwane iqondiswa khona. Okokugcina, uhlelo olujwayelekile lwezakhiwo lwezakhiwo luzoqukatha amanothi namatafula aqukethe indawo, isib., Ivolumu, nokubalwa kwesakhiwo esibonisa indlela umklamo wokwakha uhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo ezidingekayo zekhodi yokwakha.
Amapulani ephansi ahlanganisa ulwazi oluthe xaxa futhi angakwazi ukudideka ngokushesha. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abadwebi basebenzisa izibonakaliso ezihlukahlukene, izisindo zezintambo, futhi bachithe amaphethini ukuze bahlukanise ukuthi yini umugqa ngamunye kanye / noma indawo ehlelwe kuloluhlelo. Isibonelo, kuyinto evamile ukugcwalisa isikhala esiphakathi kobuso obabili bodonga oluhlongozwayo ngephethini lokuhlanza (umugqa owodwa wezitini, ukukhishwa kwe-CMU) ukuze kubonakale kalula, kanti izikhala zodonga ezikhona zivame ukushiywa engenalutho ukuze umbukeli angakwazi ukuhlukanisa ngokushesha phakathi kokubili. Izimpawu ezisezingeni phansi ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi yiluphi ulwazi oluboniswayo. Uhlelo lwesitezi kagesi luzobonisa izimpawu ezibonisa indawo, ukukhanya, nokushintsha izindawo kodwa uhlelo lwe-HVAC luzobonisa amaconsi amatafula, ama-thermostats, kanye nokuphakama kwamapayipi. Amapulani esiteji angahle aphulwe ukuze abonise ulwazi oluthile lokuhweba eshadini elilodwa noma, uma iphrojekthi encane ngokwanele, ingahlanganiswa ukukhombisa ukuhweba okuhlukahlukene kushidi ngalinye; isibonelo, amapayipi kanye ne-HVAC bavame ukuhlanganiswa.
Izigaba ze-Wall
Izigaba zezingodo zibukwa-ngaphandle kwezindonga (ngokuvamile ezingaphandle) zesakhiwo. Ziboniswa ngesilinganiso esikhulu kunezinhlelo futhi zinikeze umdwebi ithuba lokubonisa ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngokuthi izindonga kufanele zihlangane kanjani, yiziphi izinto ezisetshenziswayo, nokuthi zivikeleke kanjani ndawonye. Izigaba zasendlini zivame ukubonisa yonke into kusukela ezingeni lomhlabathi ongaphansi kwezinyawo, yonke indlela eya phezulu lapho uphahla luxhuma khona phezulu kodonga. Esikhathini sakhiwo sezintambo eziningi, isigaba sodonga sizobonisa futhi ukuhlangana kwesistimu ye-flooring nokuthi ihlangana kanjani nodonga kanye nesistimu edingekayo yokusekela edingekayo. Lezi zigaba ngokuvamile zibiza ukuqiniswa okudingekayo ngaphakathi kwamasethingi nokukhonjiswa kwamatshe, udonga lwangaphandle olukhanyayo ukuvimbela amanzi ukuba angene esakhiweni, izinhlobo zokuqhaqhazela, futhi kokubili izinto zangaphakathi nezingaphandle ziphelile. Zonke izingxenye ezidingekayo ukwakha isakhiwo zivame ukuhlanganiswa eshidi elilodwa ukuze kube lula ukufinyelela.
AmaSpredishithi eDatha
Ama-detail sheet ayingqikithi yemidwebo ekhulisiwe, ebhekisela ezindaweni ezithile zomklamo odinga ulwazi oluthe xaxa ukuze akhiwe. Emiphakathini yokwakha, lezi zivame ukudonsa kakhulu (1/2 "= 1'-0" noma ngaphezulu) ukuvumela indawo eyaneleyo amanothi nobukhulu. Imininingwane isetshenziswe lapho izidingo zokwakha zesifunda ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuze ziboniswe kusigaba sodonga. Isibonelo, kuvamile ukukhombisa izinhlobo zokunyathela njengemininingwane ukuze ubonise ulwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nokuqiniswa kwensimbi, okungaba nzima ukufunda esigabeni sodonga. Imininingwana eminingi ibizwa ngokuthi "Okuvamile" esihlokweni sayo, okusho ukuthi imininingwane ekhonjisiwe iyinhlangano yezimo eziningi zesimo esicacisiwe. Noma yimuphi umcimbi ohluka "ojwayelekile" udonselwa njengemininingwane ehlukile futhi ibhalwe ngokufanele.
Izakhiwo zokulayisha nezakhiwo ze-Bracing
I-Bracing Yomugqa
Ukukhishwa kwesikhashana kuyindlela yokuqinisa isakhiwo ukuze usize ukulwa namandla omoya omoya kanye nemicimbi yezemvelo. Elingenalutho, ukuhlala, ukwakhiwa komqondo we-lateral bracing kuqhutshwa ikakhulukazi ngokukwakhiwa kwangaphandle kwesakhiwo. I-plywood yobuningi obuhlukile ingasetshenziselwa ukubopha isakhiwo sohlaka lwesigxobo, esingaguquki kwi-lateral, engxenyeni yesakhiwo se-monolithic esisebenzisa zonke izingxenye zesakhiwo sangaphakathi ukuze simelane nokunyakaza kwe-lateral. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuyona into engavamile futhi evame ukudingwa ngekhodi, ukuhlinzeka izindonga zangaphakathi ezingene ezindongeni zangaphandle ngaphandle kokungena kwamamitha angu-25 '(25'). Lezi zindonga zangaphakathi zisebenza njengezingqinamba ezithintekayo ezigcina izindonga zangaphandle zingahambi lapho zicindezeleka. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuqiniswa okwedlulele kwezindonga kanye nama-joists kuhlanganiswa ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo ezindaweni eziyinhloko ukuqinisa amaphuzu angabuthakathaka. Lokhu kuqiniswa, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-crossbracing, kuvame ukusetshenziswa emakhoneni angaphandle angu-18, lapho ukwehluleka kwesakhiwo kungase kube khona.
Kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuqinisa amaphuzu okuxhuma phakathi kwama-joists nezindonga zangaphandle ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwe-monolithic kwesakhiwo phakathi kwamazinga. Uma uklama isakhiwo sezinga elibalulekile kubalulekile ukukhumbula engadingeki amazinga aphansi kakhulu ukuba abe nokunye ukukhipha okuphezulu kunezansi ngaphezulu. Lokhu kungenxa yezingcindezi ezengeziwe ezengezwe ngokuphakama nesisindo sezinga elengeziwe. Umthetho ojwayelekile wesigxobo wukuthi isakhiwo esisodwa sendaba sidinga u-20% we-bracing lateral futhi udinga ukwengeza i-20% eyengeziwe ezingeni ngalinye elifakwe ngaphezulu kwalo, okungukuthi isakhiwo sezitezi ezimbili igumbi lokuqala lizodinga u-40% ukukhishwa kwesigamu kanye nesibini phansi kuzodinga 20%. Ukuze kube nesakhiwo esinezintathu izinga lokuqala lizodinga u-60%, owesibili, u-40% no-20% wesithathu. Lezi zinombolo ziyisiqondiso sokuqalwa kokuqala futhi zihambisana nezinhlinzeko zokwakhiwa kwendawo kanye nendawo yesimo esisebenza kuyo.
Ukulayisha Ukulayisha
Ukulinganisa ukulayisha kuyindinganiso edingekayo edingekayo ukunquma umthwalo wokucindezela kumalungu asekela wesakhiwo sakho. Izinto ezifana nophahla, umthwalo weqhwa, isisindo se-joist ne-flooring, njll. Bonke bazofaka imithwalo eyengeziwe yokucindezela esakhiweni sakho futhi kufanele kubalwe ukuthi ngabe nini uma ulinganisa amalungu akho asekela. Izinto ezisezingeni elincane (joists, flooring, njll) zivame ukubhekwa ngokuthi "umthwalo ofile", okusho ukuthi inani lomthwalo ababekayo ezisekelweni zakho alishintshi. Ukubalwa kwemithwalo efile kutholakala ngokuphindaphinda umdwebo wesikwele wesikhumba ngesisindo sezinto zokwakha ukucacisa ama-Pounds / Square Foot (psf) edinga ukusekelwa. Kubalulekile ukufaka zonke izinto ezizosetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa ngesikhathi sokubala kwemithwalo efile. Isibonelo, uma ubala umthwalo ofile ophahleni, kudingeka ulandele isisindo se-shingles, ukugcoba, ukugcoba, nokugxilonga kanye nanoma iyiphi ingaphakathi iphetha njengebhodi le-gypsum.
Izisindo ezingashintsha zibizwa ngokuthi "umthwalo ophilayo" (iqhwa, abantu, izixhobo, njll) futhi ngokuvamile kubalwa ngokusebenzisa i-psf encane evumela ukusekelwa kwemithwalo enjalo ngaphakathi kwezinga elifanele. Isibonelo, isabelo se-Live Load ye-Live Load sokuphahla singama-psf angu-20 ukuze ulandele ukuthi kungenzeka yini iqhwa elikhulayo, kanti umthwalo ophilayo we-internal floor ngokuvamile u-40 psf ukuvumela ukusetshenziswa ngabantu abaningi, ifenisha nemishini ehlukahlukene. Izinombolo zangempela zokulayisha ezamukelekayo zilawulwa yizakhiwo zendawo kanye nezidingo zekhodi yokuklanywa. Kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi imithwalo yempahla isuke isezansi phezulu, okungukuthi isisekelo sakhiwo sezinhlangothi ezimbili kufanele senzelwe ukusekela umthwalo oshonile ophahleni, ugwadule, phansi, kanye nezindonga, kanye nomthwalo obukhoma wezinto ezimbili izindaba ezigcwele kanye nomthwalo weqhwa.