Ulotshiwephi?
Izakhamizi zase-United States zinikezwa amalungelo amaningana. Lawa malungelo aguqukile futhi athuthukile amakhulu eminyaka futhi athengiswe irekhodi elingunaphakade ngesimo sokuchibiyela uMthethosisekelo we-United States.
Njengoba kumile manje, kunamanani okuchibiyela angu-27. Abambalwa babo bakhansela omunye nomunye njenge-sichibiyelo sesi-21 esichitha ukuvinjelwa kwesishiyagalombili kokukhiqizwa, ukudayiswa noma ukuthutha utshwala.
Izakhamizi eziningi zase-United States cishe azikho okulotshwe kulezo zichibiyelo. Kungenzeka ukuthi beyikhanda ngekhanda isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuba badlule uhulumeni wesikole esiphakeme noma isigaba sezakhamuzi, kodwa leyo datha isuvele ihlanjululwe ukwenza indawo yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. Abaningi baseMelika cishe abaqapheli ukuthi kwakungavumelekile ukuba uhulumeni wase-United States aqoqe intela engenayo kuze kube yilapho edlulisa ukuchitshiyelwa kwe-16 noma ukuthi umuntu angaba nguMengameli kuze kube yilapho umkhawulo womzuzu owodwa unqunywe ukuchitshiyelwa kwe-20.
Angijiki amatshe, mina ngokwami angikwazi ukukutshela ukuthi iningi labo liyikho. Iningi labantu liyaziwa ngokuthi "ukuthatha lesihlanu" okusho ukusetshenziselwa ukuchitshiyelwa komuntu wesihlanu ngokungafanelekile ukuba "ungaphoqeleli kunoma yikuphi icala lobugebengu ukuba ube ngufakazi ngokumelene naye". Ukuchitshiyelwa okufana nokuchibiyela kokuqala okushiwo ngokucacile ukuhlukaniswa kwesonto nesifundazwe, isichibiyelo sesibili sokuphatha izikhali, noma ukuchitshiyelwa kwe-4 okukuvikela ekuphenyweni okungekho emthethweni kanye nokuthunjwa kwempahla yakho kungolwazi olujwayelekile futhi kukhulunywa ngaso njalo kumaphephandaba ekusekeleni izimbangela ezihlukahlukene.
Ngemva kokufunda izichibiyelo kwiwebhu le-Findlaw.com noma kunjalo, angitholi noma yisiphi isichibiyelo esivikela ngokucacile amalungelo okuba yisakhamuzi sase-United States. Ukuchitshiyelwa kwe-14 kuvame ukukhonjiswa njengesichibiyelo esivikela lokho uJustice Louis Brandeis akubiza ngokuthi "ilungelo lokushiywa yedwa", kodwa lapho efunda, kubonakala sengathi inani elifanele lokuhumusha kufanele livunyelwe ukuze lifike esiphethweni ukuthi ivikela ngokuyimfihlo ubumfihlo bethu. Ukuchitshiyelwa koku-1, kwezingu-4 no-5 kubuye kubhekiswe ngezikhathi ezithile ezingxoxweni zelungelo lobumfihlo.
Yiqiniso, ukuchitshiyelwa kwe-10 okugunyazayo ngokucacile kunikwe igunya kumuntu ngamunye nganoma yikuphi amandla angaphathwanga e-United States Congress noma avunyelwe ngokucacile kuMthethosisekelo we-United States. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka kube nemigomo yokuvikela ubumfihlo eminyangweni yombuso noma imithetho yombuso. Kukhona nemithetho eminingi nemithethonqubo emazingeni omabili nesifundazwe asekelwe okungenani ngokuyingxenye kulungelo lokuzimela.
Ngeshwa, ubumfihlo, nokuvikelwa kolwazi olubucayi noma lomuntu siqu, kubonakala sengathi lusemthethweni embonini ngesisekelo sembonini. Umthetho Wobumfihlo ka-1974 uvimbela ukudalulwa okungagunyaziwe kolwazi lomuntu siqu oluphethwe uhulumeni wesifundazwe. I-Fair Credit Reporting Act ivikela ulwazi oluhlangene nama-ejenti wokubika ngesikweletu. Umthetho Wokuvikela Ubumfihlo Wezingane Ivumela abazali igunya phezu kwanoma yiluphi ulwazi mayelana nezingane zabo (abaneminyaka engama-13 nangaphansi) lingabuthwa ngamasayithi.
Njengoba kuhlobene nokuthola amanethiwekhi wekhompiyutha noma idatha, i-Sarbanes-Oxley Act, i-HIPAA ne-GLBA yonke inequkathi okungenani isiqinisekiso esithile sokuba nelungelo lomuntu ukuba lingabonakali ulwazi lwabo lomuntu siqu noma oluyimfihlo. Lezi ziqondiso zigunyaza ukuthi izinkampani zithathe izinyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha yamakhasimende abo ivikelekile futhi iphoqe izinhlawulo nezinhlawulo ezinkampanini ezihluleka ukwenza kanjalo.
I-SB-1386 yaseCalifornia inomthwalo wemfanelo ezinkampanini ezisebenza kuleso simo ukukwazisa amakhasimende uma idatha yabo idalulwe noma ishintshe nganoma iyiphi indlela. Uma kwakungewona umthetho weCalifornia, ukungahlehlisi okwakamuva ku-ChoicePoint kungenzeka kungakaze kudalulwe.
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buhamba futhi izinto ezintsha ziza kuqala ukuze kube lula ukuphila okulula, okusebenza kahle noma okulula kakhulu, lezi zinzuzo zivame ukuza nokuhweba okuthile okuyimfihlo.
Uma ngishayela ukuhleleka i-pizza ngivame ukucelwa inombolo yami yocingo. Ngingenqaba ukwabelana ngalolo lwazi uma nginomuzwa wokuthi ayikho ibhizinisi labo futhi ngifuna ukuvikela lolo lwazi lomuntu siqu. Kodwa, ngokwabelana ngenombolo yami yefoni ngendawo ye-pizza, bayakwazi ukufinyelela ikheli lami nge-blink yeso ukuze bazi ukuthi banganikeza i-pizza ngaphandle kokuthi ngibatshele njalo. Ezinye izindawo ze-pizza ziyakwazi ngisho nokuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwanele ukugcina ithrekhi yalokho engikule ngakho ngakho ngiyakwazi ukuyala okujwayelekile ngaphandle kokucacisa imininingwane ye-oda njalo ngimbiza.
Lapho ngiya kuwebhusayithi ye-Amazon.com, ngibingelelwa ngekhasi lasekhaya elithi Sawubona, Tony Bradley ngethebhu phezulu kwesikrini okuthiwa i-Tonys Store ebonisa izinto engizibonise inzalo noma izinto ezihlobene ne-Amazon Kuncoma ukuthi ngibheke ngokusekelwe emikhubeni yami yokuthenga yangaphambili kanye nezintandokazi ezaziwayo.
Kodwa, lokhu kube lula nokusebenza kahle kwezobuchwepheshe kusho ukwehlisa ubumfihlo bami okungenani kancane. Uma ngifuna ukulondoloza i-pizza nokuhleleka kokuhleleka, indawo ye-pizza kufanele igcine igama lami, inombolo yocingo nekheli lasekhaya, futhi mhlawumbe ngisho nomlando wami wokuhleleka, ku-database kunendawo ethile. Ukwamukela ukwelashwa kwami kwe-Amazon.com okwenziwe ngokwezifiso nezincomo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso Kufanele ngivumele i-Amazon.com ukuthi igcine ulwazi lwami lomuntu siqu kufaka phakathi imikhuba yami yezitolo kanye nezinto engizifunayo esikhathini esidlule, kanye nokuvumela ukuba bafake ikhukhi kum ikhompyutha ekhomba ukuthi ngingubani kumaseva awo.
Ngokwenza kanjalo, ngithemba ukuthi izinkampani engizikhetha ukwenza ibhizinisi kanye nokwabelana ngolwazi lwami lomuntu siqu zizophatha lelo lwazi ngezinga elifanele lokuqonda nokuphepha. Ngiyathemba ukuthi bayaphambukela futhi bathengise idatha yami siqu kwi-firmware yokudayisa nge-junk-mail noma bayigcine efayeleni yombhalo kwikhompyutha engavikelekile noma ubani angakwazi ukufinyelela ku-intanethi. Uma ungazethembi izinhloso noma amakhono wenkampani osebenzisana nayo, kufanele ucabange kabili mayelana nokwabelana ngolwazi lwakho lomuntu siqu.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibhaliwe ngokucacile ngokwemibandela ekhonjiwe noma echazwe ngezimiso, imithethonqubo kanye nesandulela-umthetho wokubeka icala, kubonakala sengathi abantu bayavumelana ukuthi kukhona ilungelo lokungasese nokuthi uhulumeni nokuphoqelelwa komthetho kumele kusenzele ukusiqinisekisa. Nakuba iningi labantu baseMelika lingenakwazi ukuphinda lisho izichibiyelo kuMthethosisekelo, futhi lingase lingakwazi ngisho nokuqonda okuningi mayelana noMthethosisekelo uqobo, kukhona ukuthembela okuvela kubantu abaningi ukuthi uhulumeni uzosebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele yoMthethosisekelo nokuthi yonke imizamo kwenziwe ukuvikela amalungelo asinikezwe nguMthethosisekelo, ngisho noma singazi ukuthi zingubani.
Ngeshwa, ukuphepha nokuyimfihlo kuvame ukungqubuzana. Ukuze unikeze ukuphepha okungcono, izinhlaka zokuphoqelela umthetho zingakwazi ukugcina amaphrofayili anemininingwane yazo zonke izakhamuzi futhi zilandele njalo futhi ziqaphe konke okuhambayo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, ngabe-amasela, amaphekula kanye nabanye abantu ababi bangalimaza ngaphambi kokuba bahlasele noma okungenani babambe kalula. Yiqiniso, njengezakhamizi, asizimisele ukudela ukuphepha kwabo bonke ukuze amaphesenti amancane abantu abangaboni abanjwe.
Esikhundleni salokho, umphakathi wethu ugcwele ukuhweba okuhlukahlukene okubonakala kunengqondo ngokwanele ukuvumela ubumfihlo bomphakathi ngenkathi futhi kwenza ukuba umthetho ulandelele abantu ababi. Ukuchitshiyelwa koMthethosisekelo wesi-4 kuvimbela izakhamuzi ngokusesha okungekho emthethweni nokuqothulwa kwempahla yomuntu siqu, kodwa futhi kunikeza ukugunyazwa komthetho ikhono lokuthola imvume yokufuna uma kukhona ubufakazi obanele bokuphakamisa ukuthi kukhona imbangela yokusola umuntu okwenza okuthile okungalungile.
Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, uMthetho we- USA-PATRIOT ususa eziningi zalezi zivikelo ngenhloso yokuphepha kazwelonke. Ehlushwa ukwesaba, abantu babamukele uMthetho we-PATRIOT njengoba kunesidingo ngaphandle kokuyeka ukucabanga ngomthelela ongase ube nawo kubakhamuzi abagcina umthetho noma ngabe amalungelo abo abawalahlekile noma empeleni angabangela isizwe esivikelekile. Ngokuyinhloko, uhulumeni noma ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kungabhekana nomuntu onentshisekelo futhi amalungelo ahlinzekwe nguMthethosisekelo awanaki lutho. Izinguquko zenzelwe ukunciphisa itayipi elibomvu elidingekile ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kumshini wocingo noma ukusesha umsolwa futhi abantu abanentshisekelo bangaboshwa ngokungapheli ngaphandle kokukhokhiswa ngaphandle kokuthola iseluleko somthetho.
Uhulumeni uvikela ukuvikela ubumfihlo bakho, kodwa kuphela uma kuhlobene nezinye izinkampani noma abantu abazitholayo. Ngokuyinhloko, bangathanda ukuba imininingwane yakho ephelele ibhalwe futhi igcine ikhono lokufinyelela noma yikuphi ingxenye yokuphila kwakho noma idatha yomuntu siqu evumelana nabo.
I-NSA (i-National Security Agency) kanye nohulumeni wase-United States bathola ukuhlolwa okukhulu futhi basongela ukufaka icala likaPhil Zimmerman ngokuhlubuka lapho edala i-algorithm ye-PGP yokubethela futhi ayivumele ukuba ithunyelwe emazweni angaphandle nge-intanethi. Babecasula ngokuyinhloko ngoba babengenakuqeda ukubethelwa noma bebengathandi ukuthi abantu bakwazi ukubethela izinto kahle ukuthi uhulumeni ngokwabo akakwazanga ukuwufinyelela. Kube khona izikweletu ezenziwe ngokuphindaphindiwe eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule ezama ukunikeza uhlobo oluthile lomnyango wangasese obunikeza uhulumeni ilungelo elingenamandla lokudlula noma yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphepha kwi-computer hardware noma isofthiwe.
Omunye walawa mazwe Obaba Abasunguli kanye nomthombo ohlakaniphile woke wokuhlakanipha, uBenjamin Franklin, kuthiwa babethi Bazoyeka inkululeko ebalulekile yokuvikeleka okwesikhashana, abafanelanga inkululeko noma ukuphepha.
Inkinga yukuthi, uma umugqa udonswa, awusoze waqedwa ngokuphelele. Umzila ungasuswa kwesobunxele noma kwesokudla kuncike ezinkampanini zomphakathi noma ukuthi ubani ophethe amandla, kodwa ingozi iwukuvumela umugqa ukudonsa kuqala. Intela yentela yase-United States, eyaqala njengendlela yesikhashana yokukhulisa imali ukusekela impi-mzamo, iphikelela eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu kamuva futhi ihambisane nomkhakha wezobuchwepheshe, izincwadi, isofthiwe kanye nezinsizakalo .
Umthetho we-PATRIOT wadalwa njengesilinganiso sesikhashana, kodwa cishe lapho usuqedile ukubamba iqhaza kwaqala ukwandisa izinsuku zokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwezinye zezinhlinzeko noma nje ukusebenzisa umthetho ngokungazelelwe. Manje ukuthi amandla anikeziwe, kunzima kakhulu ukuthatha emuva. Ngokusobala, uma uyisakhamuzi esihloniphekile, ukuziphatha ngokususwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo anikezwe yi-PATRIOT Act akufanele kukuthinte. Kodwa, ngubani ongasho ukuthi ubani owenza ukuthi yini eyenza ube nokuziphatha noma uphakamise? Ungase ube ngakwesokudla komugqa manje, kodwa kwenzekani uma umugqa ususwa futhi ngokuzumayo uthola umuntu onentshisekelo?
Ekugcineni, kungukuthi ukhethe ibhalansi elikusebenzelayo. Uzimisele kangakanani ukudayisa ubumfihlo ukuze uthole lula nokusebenza kahle njengomthengi? Uzimisele kangakanani ukuzinikela ngethemba lokuthi kuzosiza uhulumeni ukuthi avikele futhi avikele isizwe?
USimson Garfinkel, encwadini yakhe ethi Database Nation , uchaza ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bwedatha buguquke kangakanani lapho cishe yonke into inencazelo ethile futhi ihlanganisa idatha ebonakala sengathi ilungile ingaveza isithombe esihle sempilo ethile. Ngaphandle Kwesaba , uBruce Schneier ubheka ukubheka okuphawulekayo kwe-tradeoffs phakathi kokuphepha nenkululeko futhi kubonisa indlela ukuphepha ngokuvamile kuvame ngayo umusi nombukiso ukuvimbela ukwesaba okubonwayo ngenkathi ingozi yangempela ishiywe engavikelekile.
Ngincoma ukuthi ufunde izincwadi ezikhulunywe ngenhla kanye neNtshumayelo Yokuvikeleka Kwamazwe kaMarcus Ranum. Kukhona nengcebo yolwazi olutholakala emininingwaneni engeyona inzuzo yolwazi lwabathengi kanye nenhlangano yokugqugquzela amalungelo okulondoloza amalungelo.
Ungakhetha ukwabelana ngolwazi lwakho lomuntu siqu nezinkampani ongazithembi. Kodwa-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhulumeni noma uhulumeni, umqashi wakho, noma ikhadi lakho lokuthenga amakhasimende ekuthengiseni amakhasimende akho, ulwazi lwakho lomuntu lukhona futhi kudingeka uzame ukuhlala unolwazi futhi ufundiswe ukuthi lisetshenziswa kanjani nokuthi livikelwe kanjani futhi uma itholakala nganoma iyiphi indlela.
Uma kuziwa emalungelweni aqothulwe uMthetho we-PATRIOT namandla amakhulu awanikwe ezinkampanini zokuphoqelelwa komthetho ngokucacile okuphikisana noMthethosisekelo, kuwumthwalo wakho wokuba isakhamuzi esiqondayo futhi ubeke umbono wakho ngamavoti akho . Uma ukhathazekile, kufanele ubhale noma ushayele ummeleli wakho wase-United States noma uSeninari futhi ubonise lokho.
Yenza umsebenzi wakho wesikole uphambili ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi wenza izinqumo ezinolwazi, bese uqiniseka ukuthi ubuyekeze njalo idatha njengezitatimende zakho zasebhange kanye nerekhodi lesikweletu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lilungile futhi alizange lishintshwe nganoma iyiphi indlela.