Ukuzalwa kweWebhu: IWebhu Yezwe Yonke Yaqala kanjani?
Ukuya ku-intanethi .... iWeb .... ukufika kuyi-Intanethi .... lawa wonke amagama esiwajwayele kakhulu. Izizukulwane zonke manje sezikhulile neWebhu njengobuso obuningi emiphilweni yethu, ekuzisisebenzeleni ukuthola ulwazi nganoma yisiphi isihloko ongase ucabange ngaso, ukuthola izikhombisi-ndlela nge-GPS ethunyelwe nge-geolocation kuma-Smartphones ethu, ukuthola abantu esilahlekile uthintane naye, ngisho nokuthenga inthanethi nokuthola noma yini esifuna ukuyihambisa emnyango wethu wangaphambili. Kuyamangalisa ukubuka emuva emashumini ambalwa eminyaka nje ukubona ukuthi sifikile kude kangakanani, kodwa ngokuningi esithokozela iwebhu njengoba sikwazi manje, kubalulekile ngokufanayo ukukhumbula engobuchwepheshe namaphayona asiyisa lapho thina namhlanje. Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ngalolu hambo oluthakazelisayo.
IWebhu, eyasungulwa ngokusemthethweni njenge-offshoot ye-Intanethi ngo-1989, ayizange ibe yilezo zinde. Noma kunjalo, sekube yingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwabantu abaningi; ukubenza bakwazi ukuxhumana, ukusebenza, nokudlala esimweni somhlaba jikelele. IWebhu iyonke mayelana nobuhlobo futhi yenza lobu buhlobo bungenzeka phakathi kwabantu, amaqembu, kanye nemiphakathi lapho bekungenjalo. LeWeb ngumphakathi ngaphandle kwemingcele, imingcele, noma ngisho nemithetho; futhi uye waba yizwe eliyilo loqobo.
Omunye wezivivinyo zomhlaba eziphumelele kakhulu
IWeb iyisilingo esikhulu, inkolelo yomhlaba jikelele, eye, ngokumangalisayo ngokwanele, isebenze kahle kakhulu. Umlando wayo ubonisa izindlela ezithuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nemikhakha emisha ezihamba ngezindlela ezingalindelekile. Ekuqaleni, iWebhu ne-Inthanethi zadalwa ukuba ziyingxenye yeqhinga lezempi, futhi azenzelwe ukusetshenziswa kwangasese. Kodwa-ke, njengokuzama okuningi, imibono, nezinhlelo, lokhu akuzange kwenzeke ngempela.
Ukuxhumana
Ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi incazelo yezobuchwepheshe, iWebhu iyindlela abantu abakhuluma ngayo. I-intanethi, yilokho iWebhu ebekwe phezu kwayo, yaqala ngawo-1950 njengoMnyango Wezokuvikela. Babefuna ukuza nokuthile okuyokwenza kube nokuxhumana okuphephile phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene ezempi. Nokho, uma lokhu buchwepheshe bebukhiphile, bekungekho ukuyeka. Amanyuvesi afana neHarvard noBerkeley abanjwe umoya wezobuchwepheshe obuguquguqukayo futhi enza izinguquko ezibalulekile kuwo, njengokukhuluma ngamakhompiyutha ngabanye lapho ukuxhumana okuvela khona (okungaziwa ngokuthi i- IP addressing ).
Ukufinyelela okusheshayo kubantu emhlabeni jikelele
Ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye, i-intanethi yenza abantu baqaphele ukuthi ukuxhumana nje ngeposi le-konnail kwakungasebenzi kahle (ukungasho lutho kancane) kunama-imeyili mahhala kuWebhu. Amathuba okukhulumisana emhlabeni wonke ayengqondo-ekhungethwe abantu lapho iWebhu isandaqala. Namuhla, asikho into yokuthumela i-imeyili kumadadewethu eJalimane (nokuthola impendulo emuva kungakapheli amaminithi) noma ukubona ividiyo yomculo yokusakaza yakamuva. I-Intanethi kanye neWebhu zenze izinguquko ngendlela esizikhulumayo ngayo; hhayi kuphela ngabanye ngabanye kodwa nezwe kanye.
Ingabe kukhona imithetho kuwebhu?
Zonke izinhlelo zeWebhu zisebenza ndawonye, ezinye zingcono kunabanye, kodwa ngenkathi kunezinhlelo eziningi ezihlukene kwiWebhu, akekho kubo olawulwa yimiphi imithetho ekhethekile. Lolu hlelo, olukhulu futhi oluhle njengoba lungase lube nalo, alukwazi ukuqondisa ngqo; okunikeza abanye abasebenzisi inzuzo engalungile. Ukufinyeleleka kulo akushiwo ngokusekelwa ngentando yeningi emhlabeni jikelele.
IWeb ibumbene abantu emhlabeni wonke, kodwa kwenzekani lapho abanye abantu bekwazi ukufinyelela kulobu buchwepheshe nabanye? Okwamanje, emhlabeni jikelele, cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-605 bafinyelela kuWebhu. Ngisho noma lobu buchwepheshe buvele buhlanganisile abantu abaningi futhi bunamandla okuhlanganisa okuningi, akusona isisombululo-sonke isisombululo sokuthola izwe libe yindawo engcono. Izinguquko zomphakathi kanye nokuthuthukiswa, njengokukwenza ubuchwepheshe bufinyeleleke kubantu, kufanele kwenzeke ngaphambi kokuba iWeb ikwazi ukwenza noma iyiphi inqubo yentuthuko.
Ingabe wonke umuntu unakho ukufinyelela kuWebhu?
Umuntu ongenakho ikhompyutha akakwazi "i- google it "; othile ongenawo ukufinyelela kwiWeb akakwazi ukulanda amathoni endandatho yakamuva we-PDA yawo; kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, umuntu ongenawo ukufinyelela kweWebhu akakwazi ukuncintisana endaweni yemakethe yomhlaba yemibono noma yezohwebo. I-Web ingubuchwepheshe bokuvuselela, kodwa akuwona wonke umuntu ongayifinyelela. Njengoba iWebhu iyaqhubeka ikhula, abantu abaningi bayafinyelela kulolu lwazi.Kukhona ngamunye kithi ukuthi afunde ukuhlanganisa leli gunya futhi alisebenzise ngokuphumelelayo empilweni yethu futhi anikeze labo abangenakho ukufinyelela ukuze bakwazi ukuncintisana ezingeni eliphezulu lokudlala.
IWebhu Iqala Kanjani? Umlando Wokuqala
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980, isazi sesayensi se-CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) okuthiwa nguTim Berners-Lee savela nomqondo we- hypertext , ulwazi "oluxhunyaniswe" kwenye iqoqo lwazi.
Umbono kaSir Tim Berners-Lee wawungcono kakhulu kunanoma yini enye; wayefuna nje ukuthi abacwaningi baseCERN bakwazi ukuxhumana kalula nge-network eyodwa yokwaziswa, esikhundleni samanethiwekhi amancane amancane ayengaxhunyiwe kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwendlela yonke. Umqondo wazalwa ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwesidingo.
Nakhu isimemezelo sokuqala sobuchwepheshe obushintsha umhlaba kusukela kuTim Berners-Lee kuya eqenjini lezindaba elingu-alt.hypertext akhetha ukulifaka. Ngaleso sikhathi, akekho owayenombono wokuthi ngabe lo mbono obonakala sengathi uyingcosana uzoqhubeka kanjani ukushintsha izwe esiphila kulo:
Uhlelo lweWorldWideWeb (WWW) luhlose ukuvumela izixhumanisi zenziwe kunoma yiluphi ulwazi noma kuphi. [...] Iphrojekthi yeWWW yaqalwa ukuvumela amafilimpi aphezulu amandla ukwabelana ngemininingwane, izindaba, namadokhumenti. Sinesithakazelo kakhulu ekusakazeni iwebhu kwezinye izindawo futhi unezinsizakalo zesango, amaqembu we-Google, kolunye ulwazi. Abahlanganyeli bayakwamukela! " - umthombo
Ama-hyperlink
Omunye umqondo kaTim Berners-Lee uhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe be-hypertext. Le teknoloji ye-hypertext ifaka ama- hyperlink , okwenza abasebenzisi bakwazi ukuchitha ulwazi kunoma iyiphi inethiwekhi exhunyiwe ngokuchofoza isixhumanisi. Lezi zixhumanisi zakha i-superstructure yeWebhu; ngaphandle kwabo, i-Web ngeke ibe khona.
IWebhu likhule kanjani ngokushesha kangaka?
Esinye sezizathu ezinkulu kakhulu ukuthi iWebhu ikhule ngokushesha njengoba yenzelwa ubuchwepheshe obusekelwe ngokukhululekile ngemuva kwayo. UTim Berners-Lee wakwazi ukugqugquzela i- CERN ukuthi inikeze ubuchwepheshe bewebhu kanye nekhodi yohlelo ngokuphelele mahhala ukuze noma ubani angayisebenzisa, ayithuthukise, ayibeke, ayivuselele - uyiqambe.
Ngokusobala, lo mqondo uvele ngendlela enkulu. Kusukela emahholo okucwaninga aCERN angcwelisiwe, umqondo wolwazi oluxhunyanisiwe waqala kuqala kwezinye izikhungo eYurophu, wabe eseya eStanford University, khona-ke amaseva weWebhu aqala ukuvela kulo lonke indawo. Ngokusho kwe-BBC kubhala umlando weWebhu eminyakeni eyi-15 YeWebhu, ukukhula kweWebhu ngo-1993 ukukhula konyaka kwakungama-341.634% ngokuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule.
Ingabe iWebhu ne-Intanethi into efanayo?
I-intanethi ne-World Wide Web (WWW) yizimiso abantu abaningi abakushoyo ngokufanayo. Nakuba zihlobene, izincazelo zabo zihlukile.
Iyini i-intanethi?
I-intanethi incazelo yayo eyisisekelo kunethiwekhi yezokuxhumana ye-elektroniki. Yisakhiwo lapho iWorld Wide Web isekelwe khona.
Iyini Web Wide Web?
IWeb Web Wide iyingxenye ye-Intanethi "eyenzelwe ukuvumela ukuhamba okulula ngokusebenzisa ukusebenzisana kwama-graphical kanye nezixhumanisi ze-hypertext phakathi kwamakheli ahlukene" (umthombo: AmaWebhu).
I-World Wide Web yasungulwa ngo-1989 nguTim Berners-Lee futhi iyaqhubeka ishintsha futhi yanda ngokushesha. I-Web iyinxenye yomsebenzisi ye-intanethi. Abantu basebenzisa iWebhu ukuxhumana nokufinyelela ulwazi lwezinhloso zebhizinisi nezokungcebeleka.
I-Intanethi neWebhu basebenza ndawonye, kodwa akuyona into efanayo. I-intanethi inikeza isakhiwo esiyisisekelo, futhi iwebhu isebenzisa leso sakhiwo ukunikeza okuqukethwe, amadokhumenti, multimedia, njll.
Ingabe i-Al Gore yakha ngempela i-intanethi?
Enye yezinkolelo zasemadolobheni eziphikisana kakhulu eminyakeni eyishumi edlule yileyo eyayiyiphini likaMongameli u-Al Gore njengengxenye yokwakhiwa kwe-Inthanethi njengoba siyazi namuhla. Iqiniso akulona nje ukuthi linqunywe futhi limiswe njengalokhu; kungcono kakhulu.
Nakhu amagama akhe aqondile: "Phakathi nenkonzo yami e-United States Congress, ngithatha isinyathelo ekudaleni i-intanethi." Ukukhishwa komongo, ngokuqinisekile kubonakala sengathi uthatha isikweletu ngokuqamba okuthile engakwenzi ngempela; Kodwa-ke, kuyingozi nje ukuphazamiseka okuhambisana nakho konke okushiwo isitatimende sakhe (ikakhulukazi kugxile ekukhuleni komnotho) empeleni kunengqondo. Uma ufuna ukufunda lokho okwakushiwo (kanye nolwazi lwangemuva) ngokugcwele, uzofuna ukuhlola le nsiza: i- Al Gore "yasungula i-intanethi" - izinsiza .
Kuyathakazelisa ukucabangela ukuthi izinto zingabe zihluke kanjani uBerners-Lee noCERN banquma ukuthi ABAKHO bebekhulu kangaka! Umqondo wolwazi - zonke izinhlobo zolwazi - ukufinyeleleka ngokushesha kunoma yikuphi emhlabeni eMhlabeni kwakuwumqondo othakazelisayo wokungaboni ukukhula okunamandla okubangelwa yiWebhu kusukela ekuqalisweni kwawo, futhi kubonakala kungabikho ukumisa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi maduzane.
Umlando wewebhu wokuqala: Isikhathi sesikhathi
I-World Wide Web yasungulwa ngokomthetho emhlabeni ngo-Agasti 6, 1991, ngu-Sir Tim Berners-Lee . Nansi umlando womlando weWeb oqokomisa ekuqaleni njengoba uboniswa ku-BBC.
- 1957: UMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-United States wakha isakhiwo esincane okuthiwa i-ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) ukuthuthukisa isayensi yezempi nobuchwepheshe.
- 1961-1965: I-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) yaqala ukucwaninga ulwazi lokwabelana ngamanethiwekhi amancane, axhunyiwe ocingweni. I-ARPA ingomunye wabaxhasi bayo abakhulu.
- 1966: Uhlelo lokuqala lwe-ARPANET luvuliwe nguLarry Roberts we-MIT. Ipakethe yokushintsha ubuchwepheshe iphuma phansi, futhi amanethiwekhi amancane enyuvesi aqala ukuthuthukiswa.
- 1969: UMnyango Wezokuvikela uthumele i-ARPAnet esanda kuthola ukucwaninga kwenethiwekhi. Amanethiwekhi okuqala enethiwekhi ezisemthethweni yi-UCLA, Standford Research Institute, i-UCSB, ne-University of Utah. I-noode yokuqala yomyalezo we-node ithunyelwe kusuka ku-UCLA kuya ku-SRI.
- 1971: ama-nodes amaningi ajoyina inethiwekhi, ephethe inani eliyi-15. Lezi zindawo ezintsha zihlanganisa i-Harvard ne-NASA.
- 1973: I- ARPAnet iya emhlabeni jikelele lapho i-University College yaseLondon ne-Royal Radar Foundation ihlala khona.
- 1974: Ukuxhunyaniswa kwenethiwekhi kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu; idatha manje idluliselwa ngokushesha futhi ngokuphumelelayo ngokuklama kwe-TCP (Transmission Control Program).
- 1976: Unix ithuthukiswe ku-AT naku-T; INdlovukazi u-Elizabeth ithumela umlayezo wakhe wokuqala we-imeyli.
- 1979: USENET, umama wazo wonke amaqembu wengxoxo enethiwekhi, lakhiwa.
- 1982: Amaprosesa asetshenziselwa ubuchwepheshe be-Inthanethi asetshenziselwa, okubizwa ngokuthi iTCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol kanye ne-Protocol Protocol). Lokhu kubangela enye yezincazelo zokuqala ze "inthanethi" njengeqoqo elixhunyiwe lamanethiwekhi.
- 1984: Inombolo yamagumbi manje kuze kube ngu-1000, ngokungezwa okwengeziwe nsuku zonke.
- 1985: Isizinda sokubhalisa sokuqala si-Symbolics.com.
- 1987: Inombolo yamabutho asempumalanga iphula uphawu lwama-10,000.
- 1988: Isibungu esikhulu sokuqala se-inthanethi sithinta izinkulungwane zezintambo ze-intanethi.
- Ngo-1991: UTim Berners-Lee uqala iWorld Wide Web . UTim Berners-Lee wethula ngokusemthethweni iphrojekthi yakhe emhlabeni emhlabeni weqembu le-alt.hypertext newsgroup. Kulo post, uthe iphrojekthi "ihlose ukuvumela izixhumanisi zenziwe kunoma yiluphi ulwazi noma kuphi". Kwenze lokhu ngokusebenzisa hypertext indlela yokuxhumanisa phakathi kwemibhalo ehlukene. Nakuba sakhiwe eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambi kwalokho uMnu. Berners-Lee usungulwe ngokushushumbisa nge-intanethi. Wenze futhi wonke amafayela atholakale ukuze abantu baphinde baphinde baphendule.
- Ngo-1993: Ukukhula konyaka weWorld Wide Web manje ku-341.634%. UTim Berners-Lee wakwazi ukugqugquzela i- CERN ukuhlinzeka ngobuchwepheshe bewebhu nekhodi yohlelo mahhala ukuze noma ubani angayisebenzisa futhi ayithuthukise. Isinqumo sithathwa njengesinye sezizathu ezibalulekile iwebhu eyakhula ngokushesha kakhulu. Ulimi lwe-markup lwe- HTML elisetshenziselwa ukudala amakhasi ewebhu.
- 1994: I- ARPAnet igubha iminyaka engu-25. I-Yahoo yaqala ngabafundi baseStanford University uDavid Filo noJerry Yang. Ekuqaleni kwakubizwa ngokuthi "Umhlahlandlela kaJerry kuWebhu Lomhlaba Wonke" isayithi elinomhlahlandlela wokuziqhenya kwamanye amasayithi. Yabizwa kabusha nge-Yahoo ngokushesha. Igama limelela elinye i-Oracle Eliyingozi Ngama-Hierarchical. Amanye amafemu asezingeni eliphansi athi i-Yahoo iyisayithi elivakashelwa kakhulu kuwebhu namhlanje. UMongameli Bill Clinton ubeka whitehouse.gov kuwebhu.
- 1995-1997: I- RealAudio iveza ubuchwepheshe bokusakaza i-intanethi, izinhlelo zokuxhuma (i-America Online, Compuserve), i-backbone ye-intanethi iyaqhubeka iqiniswa ngokungezwa kwe-MCI, iMicrosoft kanye neNetscape ukulwa nobukhulu besiphequluli se-WWW, futhi manje kukhona ngaphezulu Izinhlu zokuthumela ama-70,000. Isitolo sokugcina esitolo se-intanethi sisekelwe ekuqaleni njengeCadabra.com nguJeff Bezos ngo-1994. Yayinye yezinkampani ezinkulu zokuqala ukuthengisa izimpahla kuwebhu. Nakuba iqalile njenge-bookstore inthanethi manje ithengisa umculo, i-electronics, ifenisha, ngisho nokudla. I-Microsoft Internet Explorer ikhishwe njengengxenye ye-Windows 95.
- 1998: I- Google ivula ihhovisi layo lokuqala egalaji eCalifornia. I-MySpace ekuqaleni yayiyisitoreji se-intanethi kanye nesimo sekwabelana ngefayela kepha savalwa ngo-2001. Isayithi lokuxhumana nabantu elisesimweni sayo samanje satholwa ngoJulayi 2003. Lakhiwe ngo-2003 nguTom Anderson, uChris DeWolfe, neqembu elincane labahleli. I-MySpace manje inabasebenzisi abangaba yizigidi ezingu-100. Isayithi ivumela abasebenzisi ukwakha ikhasi lasekhaya lomuntu siqu, amabhulogi, izithombe, umculo, kanye nesistimu yemilayezo. Ngo-2005, umsakazo wezokuxhumana uRupert Murdoch ukhokhele u-580m kule ndawo. I-MySpace ivule indlela yezinye izingosi zomphakathi , ezifana ne- Facebook , i- Twitter , ne- Pinterest .
- 1998-2000: I-bubble dot-com yayikhula kusukela ngo-1997. Injabulo eyayizungezile lewebhu yabangela ukuba izintengo zamasheya zikhule. NgoJanuwari 2000 kwafinyelela phezulu lapho i-Dow Jones Industrial Average ivaliwe ezingeni elirekhodiwe alizange lifinyelele ngaphambi noma kusukela. Ngomhla ka-10 Mashi iNASDAQ Composite Index nayo yafinyelela isikhathi esiphezulu. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, izimakethe zaqala ukushayeka futhi nazo zahamba izinkampani eziningi zokuqala zibhaliswe ngesikhathi se-dot-com boom. Amayelana namawebhusayithi angaba ngu-20 ku-intanethi kuleli phuzu.
- I-ONLINE: "Ukungahambi kahle Kwezambatho" Kuqala Ukufunwa Ngesithombe Emlandweni Wewebhu: January 5, 2004. Ngesikhathi sokubonisa i-halftime ne-Justin Timberlake e-Superbowl pop star, uJanet Jackson wayenomshini wokuhlukumeza i-wardrobe. Ukulandela izinjini zokusesha kwenzeka ukuqhutshwa kokuseshwa kwemigomo efana neJanet Jackson ne-Super Bowl njengoba abantu befuna izithombe zomcimbi. Kukhona manje amawebhusayithi angu-92615362 ku-intanethi.
- I-2016-ikusasa: Ngokwezibalo ze-intanethi, ngemuva kokufika kumawebhusayithi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1 ngo-September ka-2014, into ephawulekayo eqinisekisiwe yi- NetCraft ngo-Okthoba 2014 Web Server Survey nokuthi i- Internet Live Stats yiyena owokuqala ukumemezela (bona i-tweet evela kumsunguli we- I-World Wide Web, uTim Berners-Lee) inani lamawebhusayithi emhlabeni jikelele selinqabe, libuyela emuva ezingeni elingaphansi kwe-1 billion. Lokhu kubangelwa ukushintsha kwezinyanga zonke kumawebhusayithi angasebenzi. Kodwa-ke, silindele ukuthi sidlule amawebhusayithi ayizigidi eziyi-1 futhi ngesikhathi esisodwa ngo-2016/2017, nokuqinisa isibalo ngaphezu kwalesi sigalo esibalulekile emlandweni ngo-2017/2018 ( isikweletu: i-InternetLiveStats.com).
IWebhu iyingxenye yempilo yethu yansuku zonke
Ungacabangela impilo yakho ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-Web - akukho i-imeyili, ayikho ukufinyelela ezindabeni zokuphulwa, ayikho imibiko yesimo sezulu esincane, ayikho indlela yokuthenga inthanethi, njll? Mhlawumbe awukwazi. Sakhulile ukuba sithembele kulobu buchwepheshe - sishintshe indlela esenza ngayo izimpilo. Zama ukuhamba usuku olulodwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iWebhu ngendlela ethile-mhlawumbe uzomangala ukuthi uncike kangakanani kulo.
Kuhlale kuqhubeka futhi kukhula
I-Web ayikwazi ngempela ukulandelwa phansi, awukwazi ukuyikhomba futhi uthi "kukhona!" IWebhu iyinqubo eqhubekayo, eqhubekayo. Akukaze kwenzeke ukuziphindaphinda noma ukuqhubeka kusukela ngosuku owaqala ngalo, futhi cishe luzoqhubeka luqhubeka uma nje abantu beseduze ukuze baqhubeke beyihlakulela. Yenziwe ngobuhlobo bomuntu siqu, ukusebenzisana kwebhizinisi, kanye nezinhlangano zomhlaba jikelele. Uma i-Web ingazange ibe nobuhlobo bobuhlobo bomuntu, ngeke bube khona.
Ukukhula kweWebhu
Ukukhula kwewebhu kuye kwaqhuma, ukusho okungenani. Kunabantu abaningi ku-inthanethi kunanoma iyiphi enye iphuzu emlandweni, futhi abantu abaningi basebenzisa iWebhu ukuthenga kunanoma yisiphi isikhathi emlandweni. Lokhu kukhula akubonisi uphawu lokunciphisa njengoba abantu abaningi bekwazi ukufinyelela izinsiza ze-Web ezibonakala zingenamkhawulo.