I- Domain Name System (DNS) igcina amagama namakheli ezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi zomphakathi. Njengoba iWebhu ikhule, i-DNS yandisa ngamandla ayo ukufanisa, okwenza kube nenethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yezinkulungwane zamakhompyutha amaningi namuhla. Mxhwele abangane bakho be-techie ngokufunda nokuhlanganyela la maqiniso athakazelisayo nge-DNS.
Iminyaka Engaphezu Kwengu-30 Edala
Amaphepha amabili kaPaul Mockapetris ashicilelwe ngoNovemba 1983 - abizwa ngokuthi i-RFC 882 no-RFC 883 - amaka ukuqala kwe-DNS. Ngaphambi kwe-DNS, uhlelo lwasesidlangalaleni lungabonwa kuphela ngegama lombusi walo, futhi amakheli azo zonke lezi zinhlamvu zamagama agcinwe efayeleni elilodwa elikhulu (elibizwa ngokuthi "hosts.txt") okwenzeke kunzima ukuphatha njengamakhompiyutha ekhompuyutha akhula phakathi neminyaka yama-1970 no-1980. I-DNS yandise le nqubo ye-single-level naming kuya kwezinga elilodwa ngokungeza izizinda zenkxaso - igama elilodwa noma ngaphezulu engeziwe elixhunywe egameni le-host, ngayinye ehlukaniswe dot (.).
Ama-TLD ayisithupha kuphela
Izindawo ezingaphezulu kuka-700 eziphezulu (TLDs) zikhona manje kwi-inthanethi (kufaka phakathi amagama angavamile kakhulu njenge .rocks kanye .soy). Inhlangano ebusayo engeyona inzuzo i-Internet Corporation yamagama anikezelweyo namanani (i-ICANN) ilawula ukwabiwa kwabo - bona uhlu lwe-ICANN lwezizinda eziphezulu.
Uma kuqala kuqaliswa ngawo-1980, noma kunjalo, i-DNS ichaza kuphela ama-TLD ayisithupha kuphela - .com, .edu, .gov, .mil, .net kanye .org. Ukwandiswa okukhulu kwezinqumo zamagama wesizinda kwaqala ngo-2011 ngenhloso yokuhlukanisa kangcono amawebhusayithi ngokusho kwenhloso yawo.
Okunye: Izindawo Eziphezulu Zezinga le-intanethi (TLDs)
Izindawo ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizigidi ezibhalisiwe
Amagama amaningi wesizinda se-intanethi afana ne- "about.com" nelithi "mit.edu" ahlobene nezikole noma amabhizinisi, kanti abantu ngabanye babhalisa abanye ngezinhloso zabo siqu. Izizinda ezibhalisiwe ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-100 zikhona ngaphansi kwe-.com kuphela. Lokhu kanye nezinye izibalo ze-DNS ezithakazelisayo zingatholakala ku-DomainTools Inthanethi Izibalo.
Isebenza Kokubili Okuphambili Nokuguqula
Izicelo eziningi ze-DNS zihilela ukuguqula amagama asemphathi weWebhusayithi namanye amaseva e- intanethi kumakheli e- IP , okuthiwa yi-DNS lookups okuzayo. I-DNS ibuye isebenze ekuqondeni okuphambene, ukuhumusha amakheli kumagama. Ngenkathi i-DNS lookups ebuyela emuva ingasetshenziswa kakhulu, isekela abaphathi benethiwekhi ngokuxazulula izinkinga. Izinsiza ezifana ne- ping kanye ne-traceroute zenza ukubuyela emuva, isibonelo.
Okuningi: Phambili bese uphendulela ikheli le-IP lookups
Unemizila engu-13
I-DNS ihlela amaseva egama layo ibe yi-hierarchy ukusiza ukwandisa ukugeleza kokuxhumana phakathi kwamaseva futhi nokwenza ukugcinwa kwesistimu kube lula. Zonke izinhlelo ze-hierarchy ezifana ne-DNS zakha izinga eliphezulu (elibizwa ngezinga "izimpande") kusuka lapho amazinga aphansi angakwazi ukuphuma khona. Ngezizathu zobuchwepheshe, i-DNS yanamuhla isekela ama-server angugama angu-13 kunamane. Ngayinye yalezi zimpande, ngokuthakazelisayo, ibizwa ngegama elilodwa - okuqala ngo-'A 'futhi lidluliselwa encwadini' M '. (Qaphela ukuthi lezi zinhlelo ziyingxenye ye- rootversser.net ye-Internet domain, okwenza amagama abo afaneleke ngokugcwele njenge "a.root-servers.net," isibonelo.)
Okuningi: Ama-Servers angu-13 e-DNS Root Name
I-Prime Target yokuHlenga amaWebhu weWebhu
Izindaba ze- DNS ukuphanga izigameko zivela ezindabeni kaningi kakhulu. Ukuqothulwa kuhilela i-hacker efinyelela kumarekhodi e-DNS kweseva elihlosiwe futhi iguqule ukuba iqondise kabusha izivakashi kumasayithi omunye esikhundleni, Uma umsebenzisi we-Intanethi evakashela isayithi elithunyiwe, i-DNS iyala isiphequluli sayo ukuthi icele idatha ukuthi ivela indawo engamanga. Qaphela ukuthi abahlaseli ngokuvamile akudingeki bangene ku-DNS ngokwayo kodwa bangakwazi ukuyekethisa inkonzo yokusingatha kwesizinda ngokuzizenza njengabalawuli bewebhu.