I-Ethernet inamandla amaningi amanethiwekhi omhlaba wendawo
Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka, i-Ethernet isiqinisekisile njengeteknoloji engabizi kakhulu, esheshayo, futhi ethandwa kakhulu kwe-LAN. Le tutorial ichaza ukusebenza okuyisisekelo kwe-Ethernet nokuthi ingasetshenziswa kanjani kumanethiwekhi wekhaya namabhizinisi.
Umlando we-Ethernet
Injiniyela Bob Metcalfe no-DR Boggs bathuthukisa i-Ethernet kusukela ngo-1972. Izindinganiso zemboni zisekelwe emsebenzini wazo zenziwa ngo-1980 ngaphansi kwe-IEEE 802.3 isethi yezincazelo. Ukucaciswa kwe-Ethernet kuchaza izivumelwano zokudlulisa idatha ezisezingeni eliphansi kanye nabakhiqizi bemininingwane yobuchwepheshe kudingeka bazi ukwakha imikhiqizo ye-Ethernet efana namakhadi nezintambo.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Ethernet buguqukile futhi bukhula isikhathi eside. Umthengi ojwayelekile angajwayele ukuthembela kumikhiqizo ye-Ethernet engekho emshinini ukuze asebenze njengoklanyelwe futhi asebenzane nomunye.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Ethernet
I-Ethernet yendabuko isekela ukudluliswa kwedatha ngesilinganiso samamitha angu- 10 ngesigamu (Mbps) . Njengoba ukusebenza kudingekile kwamanethiwekhi kunyuke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imboni yenze imininingwane ye-Ethernet eyengeziwe ye-Fast Ethernet ne-Gigabit Ethernet. I-Ethernet Esheshayo inikeza ukusebenza kwe-Ethernet yendabuko kuze kufike ku-100 Mbps naku-Gigabit Ethernet kuze kufike ku-1000 Mbps ngesivinini. Nakuba imikhiqizo ingatholakali kumthengi ojwayelekile, i-10 Gigabit Ethernet (10,000 Mbps) ikhona futhi isetshenziselwa amanethiwekhi amanye amabhizinisi naku-intanethi2.
Izintambo ze-Ethernet nazo zenziwa nakwezinye izincazelo ezijwayelekile. Ikhebula le-Ethernet ethandwa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwamanje, ikhebula lesiGigaba 5 noma i- CAT5 , lisekela kokubili kwe-Traditional and Fast Ethernet. Isigaba 5e (CAT5e) nezintambo ze- CAT6 zisekela i-Gigabit Ethernet.
Ukuze uxhume izintambo ze-Ethernet kwikhompyutha (noma enye idivayisi yenethiwekhi), umuntu uxhuma ikhebula ngqo echwebeni le- Ethernet yedivayisi. Amanye amadivaysi ngaphandle kokusekela kwe-Ethernet angase futhi asekele uxhumano lwe-Ethernet ngama- dongles afana ne - adapter ye-USB-to-Ethernet . Izintambo ze-Ethernet zisebenzisa izixhumi ezibukeka sengathi zifana nomxhumanisi we-RJ-45 osetshenziswa ngamafoni wendabuko.
Kubafundi: Kulolu hlobo lwe-OSI, ubuchwepheshe be-Ethernet busebenza ezingxenyeni zomxhumanisi zangokwenyama kanye nedatha - Izendlalelo eyodwa noBombili ngokulandelana. I-Ethernet isekela yonke inethiwekhi ethandwayo nezinhlelo ezisezingeni eliphakeme, ngokuyinhloko iTCP / IP .
Izinhlobo ze-Ethernet
Ngokuvamile okuthiwa u-Thicknet, i-10Base5 yayiyi-first incarnation yobuchwepheshe be-Ethernet. Le mboni yasebenzisa uT thicknet ngawo-1980 kuze kufike ku-10Base2 Thinnet yabonakala. Uma kuqhathaniswa neT Thicknet, iThnetnet yanikeza inzuzo ye-thinner (amamitha angu-5 vs amamitha ayi-10) kanye neklabhu eguquguqukayo, okwenze kube lula ukufaka izakhiwo zehhovisi ze-Ethernet.
Ifomu ejwayelekile kakhulu ye-Ethernet yendabuko, noma kunjalo, yayingu-10Base-T. I-Base-T inikeza izindawo ezingcono zikagesi kuneT Thicknet noma iThnetnet, ngoba izintambo ezingu-10Base-T zisebenzisa i-wiring ye-pair (TWP) engaphenduliwe esikhundleni se-coaxial. I-Base-T iphinde yafakazela ukuthi iyindleko engcono kunezinye izindlela ezifana ne-fiber optic cabling.
Kunezinye izindinganiso ze-Ethernet ezincane ezingaziwayo ezikhona, kufaka phakathi i-10Base-FL, i-10Base-FB, ne-10Base-FP yamanethiwekhi we-fiber optic kanye no-10Kwase-36 for broadband (cable cable). Wonke amafomu wendabuko angenhla, kufaka phakathi i-10Base-T enziwe ingasebenzi nge-Fast and Gigabit Ethernet.
Okuningi Nge-Ethernet Esheshayo
Maphakathi nawo-1990, ubuchwepheshe be-Fast Ethernet bukhula futhi buhlangene nezinhloso zayo zokukhiqiza a) ukwandisa ukusebenza kwe-Ethernet yendabuko ngenkathi b) kugwema isidingo sokuxhuma amanethiwekhi e-Ethernet aphelele. I-Ethernet Fast ifika ngezinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu:
- I-100Base-T (isebenzisa ikhebula lezinhlangothi ezimbili eziphephile)
- I-100Base-FX (isebenzisa ikhebula le-fiber optic)
Ngokuthandwa kakhulu kulezi zingu-100Base-T, izinga elihlanganisa 100Base-TX (Isigaba 5 UTP), 100Base-T2 (Isigaba 3 noma i-UTP engcono), kanye ne-100Base-T4 (i-100Base-T2 iklabhu eguquliwe ukufaka okubili okungeziwe ama-wire pair).
Okuningi mayelana ne-Gigabit Ethernet
Ngenkathi i-Fast Ethernet ithuthukisa i-Ethernet yendabuko kusuka ku-10 Megabit kuya ku-100 Megabit isivinini, i-Gigabit Ethernet inokuthuthukiswa okufanayo-kokuphakama okukhulu ku-Fast Ethernet ngokunikela ngesivinini se-1000 Megabits (1 Gigabit). I-Gigabit Ethernet yenziwe kuqala ukuhamba ngeklabhu ye-optical neyethusi, kodwa izinga le-1000Base-T lisekela ngempumelelo ngempumelelo. I-1000Base-T isebenzisa iklabhu yesiGigaba 5 efana ne-Ethernet eyi-100 Mbps, nakuba ukufinyelela isivinini se-gigabit kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwezingxenye ezimbili zocingo.
Ama-Topologies Ethernet namaProtocol
I-Ethernet yendabuko isebenzisa i-topology yebhasi, okusho ukuthi wonke amadivaysi noma abanikazi besiphequluli basebenzisa inethiwekhi efanayo yokuxhumana eyabelwe. Idivayisi ngayinye inekheli le-Ethernet, elaziwa nangokuthi ikheli le-MAC . Ukuthumela amadivayisi sebenzisa amakheli e-Ethernet ukuze ucacise umamukeli ohlosiwe wemilayezo.
Idatha ethunyelwe phezu kwe-Ethernet ikhona kumafomu ozimele. Ifreyimu ye-Ethernet iqukethe isihloko, isigaba sedatha, futhi unyawo olunebude obuhlangene obungaphezu kwama-bytes angu-1518. Inhloko ye-Ethernet iqukethe amakheli womabili owamukeliwe kanye nomthumeli.
Idatha ethunyelwe phezu kwe-Ethernet isakazwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kuwo wonke amadivayisi kunethiwekhi. Ngokuqhathanisa ikheli labo le-Ethernet ngokumelene nekheli elihlokweni lekhasi, idivayisi ngayinye ye-Ethernet ihlola ifreyimu ngayinye ukucacisa ukuthi ihloselwe yona futhi ifunde noma ilahle ifreyimu ngendlela efanele. Ama-adapters wenethiwekhi afaka lolu msebenzi kwi-hardware yabo.
Amadivaysi afuna ukudlulisela ku-Ethernet kuqala enze isheke sokuqala ukuze anqume ukuthi ngabe i-medium iyatholakala noma ngabe ukudluliselwa okwamanje kuyaqhubeka. Uma i-Ethernet iyatholakala, idivaysi yokuthumela ithumela efonini. Nokho, kungenzeka ukuthi amadivaysi amabili azokwenza lokhu kuhlolwa cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi kokubili kudlulisela kanyekanye.
Ngokuklama, njenge-trade-off ukusebenza, izinga le-Ethernet alivimbeli ukudluliselwa okufanayo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lezi okuthiwa ukushayisana, lapho zenzeka, zibangela kokubili ukuthunyelwa kwehlulekile futhi kudinga kokubili ukuthumela amadivaysi ukuthumela kabusha. I-Ethernet isebenzisa i-algorithm ngokusekelwe izikhathi zokulibaziseka okungahleliwe ukunquma isikhathi esifanele sokulinda phakathi kokudluliselwa kabusha. I-adaptha yenethiwekhi iphinde isebenzise le algorithm.
Ku-Ethernet yendabuko, le protocol yokusabalalisa, ukulalela, nokuthola ukushayisana iyaziwa ngokuthi yi-CSMA / CD (Ukutholakala kwe-Carrier Sense Multiple / Collision). Ezinye izinhlobo ezintsha ze-Ethernet azisebenzi i-CSMA / CD. Kunalokho, basebenzisa okuthiwa i-duplex protocol ephelele ye-Ethernet, esekela iphuzu-kuya-iphuzu lokuthunyelwa ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi uthola ngokungadingeki ukulalela okudingekayo.
Okuningi mayelana namadivaysi e-Ethernet
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izintambo ze-Ethernet zilinganiselwe ekufinyeleleni kwazo, futhi lezo migama (njengamafu amamitha angama-100) ayanele ngokwanele ukufaka ukufaka kwenethiwekhi ephakathi nendawo enkulu. I-repeater inethiwekhi ye-Ethernet iyinsiza evumela ukuthi amakhodi amaningi ahlanganiswe futhi amabanga amade ahanjiswe. Idivaysi yebhuloho ingajoyina i-Ethernet kwenye inethiwekhi yohlu oluhlukile, njengenethiwekhi engenantambo. Uhlobo oluthandwayo lwedivaysi yokuphindaphinda i- hub ye- Ethernet. Amanye amadivaysi ngezinye izikhathi adidekile nama-hubs ashintshi nama- routers .
Ama-adapter wenethiwekhi ye-Ethernet akhona namafomu amaningi. Amakhompiyutha amasha omuntu kanye nezidakamizwa zegeyimu zifaka i-adapter e-Ethernet eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. I-adapter ye-USB-to-Ethernet nama-adapter angenantambo e-Ethernet angalungiswa futhi asebenze namadivayisi amaningi amasha.
Isifingqo
I-Ethernet ingenye yobuchwepheshe obalulekile be-inthanethi. Naphezu kokukhula kwayo, i-Ethernet iyaqhubeka inamandla amanethiwekhi amaningi omhlaba wendawo futhi iqhubeka njalo ihlangabezana nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zesikhathi eside zokuxhumana.