Ungase ungayiqapheli kodwa usebenzisa isofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile cishe nsuku zonke
Isofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile (OSS) isofthiwe lapho ikhodi yomthombo ibonakala khona futhi ishintshwa ngumphakathi, noma "ukuvula". Uma ikhodi yomthombo ingabonakali futhi ingashintshwa ngumphakathi, kubhekwa "kuvaliwe" noma "okuyimfihlo".
Ikhodi yomthombo yiyona ingxenye ye-software elandelwayo ngemuva kwesofthiwe abasebenzisi ngokuvamile abayibuke. Ikhodi yomthombo ibeka imiyalelo yokuthi isofthiwe isebenza kanjani nokuthi zonke izici ezihlukahlukene zesofthiwe zisebenza kanjani.
Indlela Abasebenzisi Abazuza Ngayo OSS
I-OSS ivumela abahleli ukuba babambisane ekuthuthukiseni isofthiwe ngokuthola nokulungisa amaphutha kukhodi (izilungiso ze-bug fixes), ukuvuselela isofthiwe ukusebenza nobuchwepheshe obusha, nokudala izici ezintsha. Indlela yokusebenzisana yeqembu emisebenzini yokuvula imithombo evulekile abasebenzisi be-software ngoba amaphutha akhiwe ngokushesha, izici ezintsha zengeziwe futhi zikhishwe kaningi, isofthiwe igxilile nabalandeli abaningi ukubuka amaphutha kukhodi, futhi izibuyekezo zokuphepha zenziwa ngokushesha kunezinhlelo eziningi zezinhlelo zokusebenza zesofthiwe.
Iningi le-OSS isebenzisa inguqulo ethile noma ukushintshashintsha kweGNU General Public License (GNU GPL noma GPL). Indlela elula yokucabanga nge-GPL efana nesithombe esisesidlangalaleni. I-GPL kanye nesizinda somphakathi zombili zombili zivumela noma ubani ukuba aguqule, avuselele futhi asebenzise okuthile okunye okudingayo. I-GPL inikeza abasebenzisi nabasebenzisi imvume yokufinyelela nokushintsha ikhodi yomthombo, kanti isizinda somphakathi sinikeza abasebenzisi imvume yokusebenzisa nokuvumelanisa isithombe. Ingxenye ye-GNU ye-GNU GPL ibhekisela kulayisensi eyenzelwe uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-GNU, isistimu yokusebenza yamahhala / evulekile eyayiyiyo futhi iqhubeka iphrojekthi ebalulekile kumthombo wokuvula ovulekile.
Enye ibhonasi yabasebenzisi ukuthi i-OSS ngokuvamile ikhululekile, noma kunjalo, kungase kube khona izindleko zokwengeza, njengokusekela kwezobuchwepheshe, kwezinye izinhlelo zesofthiwe.
Umthombo Ovulekile Uvelaphi?
Ngenkathi umqondo wokubambisana kwe-software wokusebenzisana usuqalile ngo-1950-1960s academia, ngawo-1970 nangama-1980, izimpikiswano ezifana nezingxabano zomthetho zenza le ndlela yokusebenzisana evulekile ye-software yokubhala ikhodi ukuze ilahlekelwe yi-steam. Isofthiwe yeproprietary ithatha imakethe yesofthiwe kuze kube yilapho uRichard Stallman esungula iFree Software Foundation (FSF) ngo-1985, eletha isofthiwe evulekile noma yamahhala emuva phambili. Umqondo "wesofthiwe yamahhala" ubhekisela enkululeko, hhayi izindleko. Ukunyakaza kwezenhlalo ngemuva kwesofthiwe yamahhala kugcina ukuthi abasebenzisi be-software kufanele babe nenkululeko yokubona, ukushintsha, ukuvuselela, ukulungisa, nokufaka ekhiqizweni yomthombo ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo zabo, futhi bavunyelwe ukuba basakaze noma bahlanganyele ngokukhululekile nabanye.
I-FSF idlale indima ebalulekile ekunyakeni kwamahhala wesofthiwe ekhululekile nevulekile ne-GNU Project yabo. I-GNU iyisistimu yokusebenza yamahhala (iqoqo lezinhlelo namathuluzi afundisa idivayisi noma ikhompyutha ukuthi angasebenzisa kanjani), ngokuvamile akhululwe ngeqoqo lamathuluzi, imilabhulali, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlanganiselwe ndawonye njengenguqulo noma ukusatshalaliswa. I-GNU ihlanganiswe nenhlelo ebizwa ngokuthi i-kernel, elawula izinsiza ezahlukene zekhompyutha noma idivaysi, kufaka phakathi ukuxhumana emuva naphakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-software ne-hardware. I-kernel ejwayelekile kakhulu ehlanganiswe ne-GNU yi-kernel ye-Linux, eyadalwa yiLinus Torvalds. Le ndlela yokusebenza ne-kernel pairing ibizwa ngokuthi yi-GNU / Linux system yokusebenza, nakuba ijwayele ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Linux.
Ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ukudideka emakethe mayelana nokuthi igama elithi "isofthiwe yamahhala" lisho ngempela, elinye igama elithi "umthombo ovulekile" waba yisikhathi esithandwayo se-software esakhiwe futhi sigcinwa ngokusebenzisa indlela yokubambisana yomphakathi. Igama elithi "umthombo ovulekile" wamukelwa ngokusemthethweni ngqungqutheleni ekhethekile yezobuchwepheshe abacabangayo ngoFebruwari 1998, eyabanjelwa umshicileli wezobuchwepheshe uTy O'Reilly. Kamuva ngaleyo nyanga, i-Open Source Initiative (OSI) yasungulwa ngu-Eric Raymond noBruce Perens njengenhlangano engeyona inzuzo ezinikele ekukhuthazeni i-OSS.
I-FSF iyaqhubeka njengenhlangano yokugqugquzela kanye neqembu lesishoshovu elizinikele ekunakekeleni inkululeko namalungelo abasebenzisi abasebenzisa ikhodi yomthombo. Kodwa-ke, imboni eminingi yezobuchwepheshe isebenzisa igama elithi "umthombo ovulekile" wezinhlelo nezinhlelo zesofthiwe ezivumela ukufinyelela komphakathi kumakhodi omthombo.
I-Software Source Open iyingxenye Yokuphila Kwansuku zonke
Imiklamo evulekile yomthombo iyingxenye yempilo yethu yansuku zonke. Ungase ufunde lesi sihloko kumakhalekhukhwini wakho noma ithebhulethi, futhi uma kunjalo, kungenzeka usebenzise ubuchwepheshe bomthombo ovulekile okwamanje. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zombili i-iPhone ne-Android zadalwa ekuqaleni zisebenzisa amabhulokhi wokwakha kusuka ku-software evulekile, amaphrojekthi, nezinhlelo.
Uma ufunda lesi sihloko kukhompyutha yakho noma ideskithophu, ingabe usebenzisa i-Chrome noma i-Firefox njengesiphequluli sewebhu? I-Mozilla Firefox iyisiphequluli sewebhu esivulekile. I-Google Chrome inguqulo eguquliwe yomkhiqizo wokuvula isiphequluli ovulekile okuthiwa i-Chromium - nakuba i-Chromium iqalile ngabathuthukisi be-Google abaqhubeka nokudlala indima ekhuthele ekuthuthukiseni nasekuthuthukisweni okwengeziwe, i-Google ingeze izinhlelo nezinhlelo (ezinye zazo ezingavulwa umthombo) kule software eyisisekelo ukuthuthukisa isiphequluli se-Google Chrome.
Empeleni, i-intanethi njengoba siyazi ukuthi ngeke ibe khona ngaphandle kwe-OSS. Amaphayona wezobuchwepheshe abasiza ukwakha iwebhu ebanzi emhlabeni wonke asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bomthombo ovulekile, njengokwenza uhlelo lwe-Linux kanye namaseva wewebhu we-Apache ukudala intanethi yethu yanamuhla. Ama-server we-Apache webhubhu ayizinhlelo ze-OSS ezicubungula isicelo sekhasi elithile lewebhu (isibonelo, uma uchofoza isixhumanisi sewebhusayithi ongathanda ukuvakashela) ngokukuthola nokukuyisa kuleli khasi lewebhu. Amaseva e-Apache webhesi avulekile futhi agcinwa yizivolontiya zokuthuthukiswa namalungu enhlangano engeyona inzuzo ebizwa nge-Apache Software Foundation.
Umthombo ovulekile uphinde uphinde uvuselele ubuchwepheshe bethu nokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke ngendlela esingaziqondi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Umphakathi womhlaba wonke wezinhlelo ezifaka isandla ekuvuleni amaphrojekthi omthombo uyaqhubeka nokwandisa incazelo ye-OSS futhi wengeze ekubalukeni okuletha emphakathini wethu.