Njengoba uqala ukuhlola izwe lomklamo wewebhu, ngokuqinisekile uzokwethula amagama namagama amasha kuwe. Omunye wemigomo ozoyizwa ngayo "i-markup" noma mhlawumbe "ulimi lomlingo". Ukuthi "ukukhishwa" kuhluke kanjani kunokuthi "ikhodi" futhi kungani abanye abachwepheshe bewebhu babonakala besebenzisa le migomo ngokungafani? Ake siqale ngokubheka kahle ukuthi "ulimi lokumaketha" luni.
Ake sibheke izilimi ezintathu
Cishe zonke izilinganiso kwiWebhu ene-"ML" kuwo "ulimi lokumaketha" (isimanga esikhulu, yilokho okushiwo "ML"). Izilimi zokumaketha ziyizakhi zokwakha ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha amakhasi wewebhu noma zonke izinhlobo nobukhulu.
Eqinisweni, kunezilimi eziningi zemikhawulo ehlukene lapha emhlabeni. Ngokuklanywa kwewebhu nokuthuthukiswa, kunezilimi ezintathu zemalimbozo ozokwazi ukugijima kuzo. Lezi yi-HTML, i-XML, ne- XHTML .
Uyini Ulimi Lokumaketha?
Ukuze uchaze kahle leli gama - ulimi lwamamaki lulimi oluchaza umbhalo ukuze ikhompiyutha ingasebenzisa lo mbhalo. Izilimi eziningi ze-markup zifundwa ngabantu ngoba izichasiselo zilotshiwe ngendlela yokuzihlukanisa nombhalo ngokwawo. Isibonelo, nge-HTML, i-XML, ne-XHTML, amathegi wokumaketha angu
Ngokwesibonelo:
Lesi yisigaba sombhalo esibhalwe HTML
Lesi sibonelo yisigaba se-HTML. Yakhiwe ngethegi yokuvula (
), ithegi yokuvala (), kanye nombhalo ozoboniswa esikrinini (lo mbhalo uqukethe phakathi kwamathegi amabili). Ithegi ngayinye ihlanganisa "ngaphansi kuka" futhi "okukhulu kune" uphawu ukuze uyibeke njengengxenye yomaka.
Uma uthayipha umbhalo ukuze uboniswe kwikhompyutha noma kwenye isikrini , kufanele uhlukanise phakathi kombhalo ngokwawo kanye nemiyalelo yombhalo. "I-markup" iyimilayezo yokubonisa noma yokunyathelisa umbhalo.
Imakethe akudingeki ifundeke ikhompyutha. Izichasiselo ezenziwe ekuphrintiwe noma encwadini nazo zibhekwa njengemakethe. Isibonelo, abafundi abaningi esikoleni bazogqamisa imishwana ethile emabhukwini abo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi umbhalo ogqanyisiwe ubaluleke kakhulu kunombhalo oseduze. Umbala ogqamile ubhekwa njengemakethe.
Ukumaketha kuba ulimi lapho imithetho ihlanganiswa khona ukuthi ibhala kanjani futhi isebenzise leyo markup. Lo mfundi ofanayo angaba "nombhalo owenza ulimi olumamaki" uma befaka imithetho njengokuthi "i-highlighter eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungenxa yezincazelo, i-highlighter ephuzi yimibiko yokuhlolwa, namanothi wepensela emaphethini abe yimithombo eyengeziwe."
Izilimi eziningi ze-markup zichazwe amandla angaphandle okusetshenziswa ngabantu abaningi abahlukene. Yile ndlela izilimi ze-markup zeWeb isebenza ngayo. Zichazwa yi-W3C, noma iWorld Wide Web Consortium .
Ulimi lwe-HTML-HyperText Markup
Ulimi lwe-HTML noma i-HyperText Markup yilona ulimi oluyinhloko lweWebhu futhi oluvame kakhulu ozosebenza nalo njengomklami wewebhu / umthuthukisi.
Eqinisweni, kungenzeka ukuthi yilona ulimi olulodwa lwemali oyisebenzisa emisebenzini yakho.
Wonke amakhasi ewebhu abhalwe ku-flavor ye-HTML. I-HTML ichaza indlela izithombe , i-multimedia, kanye nombhalo ezikhonjiswa kuzo iziphequluli zewebhu. Lolu limi luhlanganisa izinto zokuxhuma amadokhumenti akho (hypertext) futhi wenze imibhalo yakho yewebhu ihlanganyele (njengamafomu). Abantu abaningi babiza i-HTML "ikhodi yewebhusayithi", kodwa empeleni liyilo nje ulimi olumamaki. Ayikho i-term engalungile futhi uzozwa abantu, kufaka phakathi ochwepheshe bewebhu, sebenzisa la magama amabili ngokungafani.
I-HTML wulimi olulinganiselwe lomlobo oluyimfihlo. Isekelwe ku- SGML (uLimi Oluhlelekile Lwemakethe Ojwayelekile).
Lulwimi olusebenzisa amathegi ukuchaza isakhiwo sombhalo wakho. Izinketho namathegi kuchazwa yizinhlamvu ze-
Ngenkathi i-HTML ingulimi oludume kakhulu lomlingo olusetshenziswa kwiWebhu namhlanje, akusona kuphela ukuthuthukiswa kwewebhu. Njengobe i-HTML yasungulwa, ithole okuningi nakakhulu futhi isitayela kanye namathegi wokuqukethwe ahlangene ngolimi olulodwa. Ekugcineni, i-W3C yanquma ukuthi kunesidingo sokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwesitayela sekhasi lewebhu nokuqukethwe. Ithegi echaza okuqukethwe yedwa ingase ihlale ku-HTML ngenkathi amathegi achaza isitayela ayekwehlisiwe ngokuya kwe-CSS (i-Cascading Style Sheets).
Inguqulo entsha ebalwe i-HTML i-HTML5. Le nguqulo ingeze izici eziningi ku-HTML futhi isuswe okunye okuqinile okubekwa yi-XHTML (okuningi ngalelo limi maduzane).
Indlela i-HTML ikhishwa ngayo ishintshwe ngokuphakama kwe-HTML5. Namuhla, izici ezintsha nezinguquko zengeziwe ngaphandle kokuthi zidinga ukufakwa kwenguqulo entsha, elandelwe. Inguqulo yakamuva yalolu limi ibizwa ngokuthi "i-HTML."
Ulimi lwe-XML-eXtensible Markup
Ulimi lwe-EXtensible Markup yilulimi olunye uhlobo lwe-HTML olusekelwe. Njenge-HTML, i-XML iphinde isuselwe ku-SGML. Kuyinto eqinile kakhulu kune-SGML futhi eqinile kune-HTML ecacile. I-XML inikeza amandla okudala ukudala izilimi ezihlukahlukene.
I-XML ulimi lokubhala izilimi zokumaketha. Isibonelo, uma usebenza ohlwini lozalo, ungakha amathegi usebenzisa i-XML ukuchaza uyise, umama, indodakazi, nendodana ku-XML yakho kanje:
Kukhona nezilimi eziningana eziqinisekisiwe ezivele zidalwe nge-XML: i-MathML yokuchaza izibalo, i-SMIL yokusebenza nge-multimedia, i-XHTML, nabanye abaningi.
XHTML-eXtended ulimi lwe- MarkupText Markup
I-XHTML 1.0 i-HTML 4.0 ihlanjululwe ukuhlangabezana nesilinganiso se- XML . I-XHTML ishintshiwe kumklamo wewebhu wamanje nge HTML5 kanye nezinguquko eziye zavela kusukela. Awunakwenzeka ukuthola noma yikuphi amasayithi amasha usebenzisa i-XHTML, kodwa uma usebenza kusayithi elidala kakhulu, ungase uhlangane ne-XHTML ngaphandle kwendle.
Akunakho umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe- HTML ne-XHTML , kodwa nansi okuzoqaphela:
- I-XHTML ibhalwe phansi. Ngenkathi amathegi e-HTML angabhalwa ku-UPPER icala, icala le-MiXeD, noma icala eliphansi, ukuze lilungile, amathegi we-XHTML kumele abe yikho konke okuphansi. (Qaphela - ochwepheshe bewebhu abaningi bhala i-HTML kuwo wonke ama-lowercase, nakuba kungekho ubuchwepheshe obudingekayo).
- Zonke izakhi ze-XHTML kufanele zibe nomathe wokuphela. Izinto ezinomaki owodwa kuphela, ezifana nokudinga ukuvala (/) ekupheleni komaki:
- Zonke izimfanelo kufanele zicatshangwe ku-XHTML. Abanye abantu basusa izingcaphuno ezizungezile izimfanelo zokulondoloza isikhala, kodwa kudingeka ukuthi i-XHTML ifanele.
- I-XHTML idinga ukuthi amathegi ahlelwe kahle. Uma uvula isici esibukhali () bese uyingqikithi (i ) isici, kufanele uvale isici semiklamo () ngaphambi kokuthi uvale isibindi (). (Qaphela ukuthi kokubili lezi zakhi ziye zahliswa ngoba ziyizinto ezibukwayo. I-HTML manje isebenzisa futhi endaweni yalezi ezimbili)
- Izimpawu ze-HTML kufanele zibe negama nenani. Izimfanelo ezimeleleka ku-HTML kufanele zimenyezelwe ngamagugu futhi, isibonelo, isici se-HR sizobhalwa noshade = "noshade".
Isihloko sokuqala sikaJennifer Krynin. Ihlelwe nguJeremy Girard ngo-7/5/17.