Semiconductor Basics
Sibutsetelo
Ubuchwepheshe bwanamuhla buyenzeka ngenxa yeklasi yezinto ezibizwa ngokuthi i-semiconductors. Zonke izingxenye ezisebenzayo, izifunda ezihlanganisiwe, ama-microchips, ama-transistors, kanye nezinzwa eziningi ezakhiwa ngezinto zokufundisa nge-semiconductor. Nakuba i-silicon iyisetshenziswa se-semiconductor esetshenziswa kakhulu futhi esaziwa kakhulu esetshenziswa kuma-electronics, kusetshenziswa ama-semiconductors amaningi ahlanganisa i-Germanium, i-Gallium Arsenide, i-Silicon Carbide, kanye nama-semiconductors eziphilayo. Indaba ngayinye iletha izinzuzo ezithile etafuleni njengezinga lezindleko / ukusebenza, ukusebenza kwejubane eliphezulu, ukushisa okuphezulu, noma impendulo oyifunayo isignali.
Ama-Semiconductors
Yini eyenza i-semiconductors kangaka ewusizo ikhono lokulawula ngokuqondile izindawo zabo kagesi nokuziphatha ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza. Izakhiwo ze-semiconductor zilawulwa ngokufaka amanani amancane okungcola ku-semiconductor ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-doping, ngokungahlambuluki okuhlukile nokukhiqiza imiphumela ehlukile. Ngokulawula ukushayeka, indlela i-electrical yamanje ehamba ngayo nge-semiconductor ingalawulwa.
Ku-conductor ejwayelekile, njengethusi, ama-electron aphethe okwamanje futhi asebenze njengomphathi ophethe icala. Ku-semiconductors kokubili ama-electron kanye 'nezimbobo,' ukungabi khona kwe-electron, njengabaphathi bezinkokhelo. Ngokulawula ukudluliswa kwe-semiconductor, ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity, kanye nomphathi wezinkokhelo kungenziwa ukuba kube yi-electron noma imbobo esekelwe.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-doping, uhlobo lwe-N, nohlobo lwe-P. I-N-dopants ye-N, ngokuvamile i-phosphorus noma i-arsenic, ine-elektrononi amahlanu, lapho i-semiconductor enikezwa i-electron mahhala. Njengoba ama-elektrononi anecala elibi, i-doped impahla ngale ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi uhlobo lwe-N. I-P-type dopants, efana ne-boron ne-gallium, ine-electron eyodwa kuphela eholela ekungabikho kwe-electron ekristini ye-semiconductor, ngokudala ngempumelelo imbobo noma inkokhelo enhle, ngakho-ke igama elithi P-uhlobo. Zombili izinhlobo ze-N nohlobo lwe-P, ngisho nangamaminithi amancane, zizokwenza i-semiconductor abe ngumqhubi ohloniphekile. Kodwa-ke, ama-semiconductors we-N nohlobo lwe-P awakhethi okwedlulele ngokwabo, ngokuba nje abaqhubi abahloniphekile. Kodwa-ke, uma uwabeka othintana naye, ekwakheni ukuhlangana kwe-PN, uthola ukuziphatha okuhlukile kakhulu futhi okuwusizo kakhulu.
I-PN Junction Diode
Ukuhlangana kwe-PN, ngokungafani nendaba ngayinye ngokwehlukana, akusebenzi njengomphathi. Esikhundleni sokuvumela okwamanje ukugeleza kunoma yikuphi ukuqondisa, ukuhlangana kwe-PN kuvumela kuphela ukugeleza kwamanje kwesinye isiqondiso, ukudala idayode eyisisekelo. Ukusebenzisa i-voltage engxenyeni ye-PN ekuhambeni phambili (ukuhlaziya phambili) kusiza ama-elektrononi esifundeni se-N ukuhlanganisa nezimbobo esifundeni se-P. Ukuzama ukuguqula ukugeleza kwamanje (ukuphikisana okuguquguqukayo) ngokusebenzisa i-diode ukuphoqa ama-electron kanye nezimbobo ezivimbela okwamanje ukugeleza ngaphesheya kombuthano. Ukuhlanganisa izingqungquthela ze-PN ngezinye izindlela kuvula iminyango kwezinye izingxenye ze-semiconductor, njenge-transistor.
Abashintshi
I-transistor eyisisekelo yenziwe ngokuhlanganiswa kokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlobo ezintathu ze-N kanye nohlobo lwe-P kunezinto ezimbili ezisetshenziswe ku-diode. Ukuhlanganisa lezi zinto kuveza abaguquli be-NPN nabakwa-PNP abaziwa ngokuthi i-bipolar junction transistors noma i-BJTs. Isikhungo, noma isisekelo, isifunda BJT sivumela i-transistor ukuba ishintshe noma i-amplifier.
Ngenkathi i-NPN ne-PNP transistors ingahle ibonakale njengezididi ezimbili ezibuyiselwe emuva, okuzovimbela konke okwamanje ukuthi kungabikho kuhamba noma yikuphi ukuqondisa. Uma isendlalelo sendawo sithuthukile phambili ukuze i-current encane igeleza phakathi kwesendlalelo sendawo, izakhiwo ze-diode ezenziwe ngenguquko yesikhala sendawo ukuze kuvunyelwe umthamo omkhulu kakhulu ukugeleza kulo lonke idivayisi. Lokhu kuziphatha kwenza i-transistor ikhono lokukhulisa ama-currents amancane nokusebenza njengomshini wokuvula noma ukuvala umthombo wamanje.
Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-transistors namanye amadivaysi e-semiconductor angenziwa ngokuhlanganisa izingqungquthela ze-PN ngezindlela eziningana, kusuka eziphambili, ezisebenzayo ze-transistors zomsebenzi kuya kumadidi alawulwayo. Lokhu okulandelayo kuyizinto ezimbalwa ezingxenyeni ezenziwe ngokuhlanganiswa okucophelela kwezingxenye ze-PN.
- DIAC
- I-Laser diode
- Ukukhanya okukhanyayo (i-LED)
- I-diener diode
- I-Darlington transistor
- I-transistor yomphumela wensimu, kufaka phakathi i-MOSFET
- I-transistor ye-IGBT
- I-rectifier elawulwa yi-silicon (SCR)
- Isifunda esihlanganisiwe (ICs)
- Microprocessor
- Imemori ye-Digital - RAM ne-ROM
Izinzwa
Ngaphandle kokulawula kwamanje ukuthi i-semiconductors ivumela, nayo inezindawo ezenza izinzwa eziphumelelayo. Zingenziwa ukuba zizwele ekushintsheni kokushisa, ukucindezela, nokukhanya. Ukushintsha kokumelana kuyindlela ejwayelekile kunazo zonke yokuphendula ngenzwa ehamba phambili. Izinhlobo ezimbalwa zezinzwa ezenziwe zakhiwe ngezimpahla ze-semiconductor zibalwe ngezansi.
- Inzwa yethonya leHholo (inzwa yensimu yamagnetic)
- I-thermistor (inzwa yokushisa yokubhuka)
- I-CCD / CMOS (inzwa yesithombe)
- I-Photodiode (inzwa elula)
- I-photoresistor (inzwa yokukhanya)
- Ama-piezoresistive (izinzwa / ukucindezeleka kwezinzwa)