Ukuqonda Izinhlobo Zezinhlelo
Amamephu
Ifomu eliyisisekelo kunazo zonke lokubhalisa abantu imephu. Imephu yombono wangaphakathi wezakhiwo, izakhiwo zomthetho, imigqa yempahla, izimo zokuklanywa kanye nemingcele yempahla endaweni enikeziwe. Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemininingwane yedatha: ekhona futhi ehlongozwayo. Izimo zokubala ezikhona ziqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni yonke imingcele ekhona kanye nezinsiza ngaphakathi endaweni ekhethiwe. Ngokuvamile zidalwe yinkampani yokuhlola / iqembu futhi ulwazi oluboniswa emephini luqinisekisiwe olunembile nguMshuwalense womhlaba oPhezulu. Ibalazwe elihlongozwayo livame ukufakwa phezu kwebalazwe lokuhlola elikhona ukuze kuboniswe izindawo zokwakhiwa / ukwakhiwa okusha kanye nokuguqulwa okudingekayo ezimweni ezikhona lapho umsebenzi ohlongozwayo uzofaka khona.
"I-basemap" ekhona idalwe ngokusebenzisa iqoqo lamaphuzu wedatha athathwa ngabasebenzi abahlola emkhakheni. Iphuzu ngalinye liqukethe izingcezu ezinhlanu zedatha: Inombolo Yenkomba, Northing, Easting, Z-elevation, kanye Incazelo (PNEZD). Inombolo yephoyinti ihlukanisa iphuzu ngalinye, futhi izindinganiso zeNorthing / Easting yizixhumanisi zeCartesian endaweni ethile yebalazwe (indiza yesimo sibonelo) ekhombisa ngqo ukuthi umhlaba wangempela kudutshulwe iphuzu. Inani le "Z" ukuphakama kwephuzu ngenhla indawo ebekiwe, noma "i-datum" ehlelwe kabusha. Isibonelo, i-datum ingasetjenziswa i-zero (i-sea level), noma i-datum ethathwa njengokwakheka kwesakhiwo ingabelwa inomboro engahleliwe (isib. 100) begodu ukuphakama kwamaphuzu kuthathwa ngokubhekisele kulokho. Uma ngabe i-datum engama-100 isetshenziswa futhi iphuzu elibanjwe phansi kwe-apron drive lifundwa njenge-2.8 'ngezansi kwaleyo nqanaba, inani le "Z" lephuzu ngu-97.2. Inani lenkcazelo yephoyinti yedatha libhekisela entweni ehloliwe: ikona yokwakha, phezulu kwekhalo, phansi kodonga, njll.
Lawa maphuzu alethwe ku- software ye-CAD / Design futhi axhunyiwe, esebenzisa imigqa ye-3D, ukukhiqiza i-Digital Terrain Model (i-DTM), okuyimibono ye-3D yezimo zesayithi ezikhona. Ulwazi lokuklama nokwaziswa lungasuswa kulomodeli. Umsebenzi womdlalo we-2D, njengezakhiwo zokwakha, i-curbs, izinkomba, njll. Zenzelwe isethulo sesethulo, besebenzisa ulwazi lokuxhumanisa kusuka kumaphuzu ahloliwe. Ukutshala / ibanga lazo zonke imigqa yempahla zengezwa ku-basemap, kanye nokwaziswa kwendawo yazo zonke izikhonkwane / izimpawu kanye nanoma yikuphi amalungelo okuba khona, njll.
Umsebenzi wokwakha amamephu amasha kwenziwa phezulu kwekhophi ye-basemap ekhona. Zonke izakhiwo ezintsha, ubukhulu bawo nezindawo, kufaka phakathi ubukhulu emigqeni yempahla ekhona kanye ne-offset itholakala njengomsebenzi we-2D womugqa. Ulwazi olwengeziwe lokwakha luvame ukungezwa kulawa mabalazwe, njenge-Signage, Ukuthayipha, UkuCubungula, Izichasiselo ZakwaLoti, Ukusekela, Ukubukeka Kwezintambo, ama-Easements, Ukuhamba Kwezindlela Zomgwaqo, njll.
I-Topography
Amapulani e-Topographic aphinde akhethwe emafomethi akhona / ahlongozwayo. I-Topography isebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo, ukuphakama kwezindawo, nezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene ezibhalwe ngokuphakama kwazo (njenge-Finish Floor of Building) ukuze zimelele ubukhulu besayithi langempela lomhlaba kumdwebo we-2D. Ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokumelela lokhu ngumugqa wendandatho. Imigqa yokuncintisana isetshenziselwa ukuxhuma uchungechunge lwamaphuzu emephini asemaphakathini afanayo. Zivame ukuhlelwa ngezikhathi ezithile, (njenge-1 ', noma i-5') ukuze kuthi, uma zibhalwe phansi, ziba ngukubhekwa okubonakalayo okusheshayo lapho ukuphakama kwesayithi kuya phezulu / phansi nokuthi yikuphi ukuqina komthambeko. Imigqa yokuncintisana esondelene ndawonye ibonisa ushintsho oluphuthumayo ekuphakameni, kanti labo abangaphambene nalokho basuke bashintsha kancane kancane. Ukukhuphuka kwebalazwe, ukukhuphuka kwezinga phakathi kwe-contours cishe kuyoba. Isibonelo, imephu ekhombisa lonke izwe laseNew Jersey ngeke libonise izikhathi ezingu-1 'zenkinga; imigqa izobe isondelene ndawonye kangangokuthi ingenza imephu ingafundiwe.
Kungaba amathuba okubona ama-100 ', mhlawumbe ngisho nezikhathi ezingu-500' zemijikelezo ebalazweni elikhulu kangaka. Kumasayithi amancane, njengokuthuthukiswa kokuhlala, izikhathi ezingu-1 'zintambo zivamile.
Ukuncintisana kubonisa ukuma kwezitebe ezinqamulelayo ngezikhathi ezithile kodwa lokho akusiyo njalo ukuhumusha okunembile kwalokho okwenziwa khona. Lolu hlelo lungabonisa igebe elikhulu phakathi kwemigqa yezingqimba eziyi-110 no-111 futhi emele umthambeko ohlala njalo ukusuka komunye umjikelezo kuya kwesinye, kepha umhlaba wangempela awunaso imithambeka ebushelelezi. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi kukhona amagquma amancane kanye nezimpikiswano phakathi kwalezi zinsuku ezimbili, ezingavuki / eziwela phezulu. Lezi zinguquko zimelelwa besebenzisa "indawo yokuphakama". Lokhu kuyimpawu (ngokuvamile i-X elula) enezinga eliphakeme elibhalwe eceleni kwalo. Cabanga ukuthi kukhona iphuzu eliphakeme yensimu ye-septic phakathi kwama-110 ne-111 angama-contours ane-110.8; uphawu lwe "indawo yokuphakama kwendawo" lubekwa futhi lubhalwe kulowo ndawo. Ukuphakanyiswa kwamabala asetshenziselwa ukuhlinzeka ngemininingwane eyengeziwe yendawo yokuhlaziya phakathi kwemikhawulo, kanye nasemagumbini azo zonke izakhiwo (ukwakha, ukungena kwamanzi, njll)
Omunye umkhuba ovamile kumamephu e-topographic (amamephu ahlongozwayo ikakhulukazi) kufaka phakathi "umcibisholo wezintambo" ezindaweni ezidinga ukuhlangabezana nezinqubo ezithile zokwakha ikhodi. Imicibisholo ye-Slope ibonisa isiqondiso kanye namaphesenti omthambeko phakathi kwamaphoyinti amabili. Ngokuvamile usebenzisa lokhu ku-driveways, ukukhombisa ukuthi amaphesenti omthambeko ukusuka phezulu kuya phansi ahlangabezana nezimiso "eziqinile" zomthetho obusayo.
Umgwaqo
Amalungiselelo omgwaqo aqale athuthukiswe ngokusekelwe kwezidingo zokufinyelela zesayithi kanye nezidingo zomthetho wokwakha wendawo. Isibonelo, lapho kuthuthukiswa umklamo wendlela yokuhlukaniswa iziqephu, ukuhlelwa kwenzelwa ukukhulisa izakhiwo ezakhiwe ngaphakathi kwendawo yonke ngenkathi kuhambisane nezidingo zomthetho wezimoto. Isivinini somgwaqo, usayizi wesiganeko, isidingo sokusika / indlela yomgwaqo, njll zonke zilawulwa ngumthetho, kuyilapho isimo sangempela somgwaqo singashintshwa ngezidingo zesayithi. Umklamo uqala ngokusungula umgwaqo ongasemgwaqweni lapho kuzokwakhiwa khona ezinye izinto zokwakha. Ukuklama ukukhathazeka phakathi kwe-centerline, njengokubukeka kwamakherubi angemuva, kudingeka kubalwe ngokusekelwe ekulawuleni izinto ezifana nesivinini somgwaqo, udinga ibanga elidlulayo nokubukwa kwemoto kumshayeli. Uma lezi zinqunyiwe futhi umgwaqo womgwaqo osungulwe ohlelweni, izinto ezifana nokunciphisa, imigwaqo yasemgwaqweni, izithiyo zokuvimbela, namalungelo okuhamba angasungulwa ngokusebenzisa imiyalo elula yokulungisa ukusetha umklamo wokuqala wekladi.
Ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi eziyinkimbinkimbi, udinga ukucabangela izinto ezinjengokuphakanyiswa kwemigodi, ukuguqula umgwaqo kanye nobubanzi bomzila, nokucutshungulwa kwamanzi okuhamba emigwaqweni kanye nasezindaweni ezivulekile / ezivaliwe. Iningi lale nqubo idinga ukuthatha iphesenti lomthambeko phakathi kokubili ubude besigaba namaphrofayela womgwaqo.
Ukugeleza
Ekupheleni kosuku, yonke imiklamo yomphakathi ngokuyinhloko ilawula ukugeleza kwamanzi. Zonke izakhi eziningi zokuklama eziya kwisayithi eligcwele ngokugcwele zibikezelwe ngesidingo sokugcina amanzi ekugeleza ukuya nase / noma ekuzindleni ezindaweni ezizolimaza isayithi lakho futhi esikhundleni sokuqondisa endaweni ozakhela kuyo ukuqoqwa kwamanzi esiphepho. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokulawulwa kwamanzi zisetshenziswa ngokusebenzisa izivunguvungu zamanzi eziphepho: ngaphansi kwezakhiwo zomhlabathi ezinegesi ezivulekile ezivumela amanzi ukuba agijime kuwo. Izakhiwo ze-theses zixhunyaniswe ndawonye ngamapayipi wezinsizakalo ezihlukahlukene kanye nemithambeko yokwakha inethiwekhi yokudonsa evumela ukuthi umklami alawule inani, kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi, amanzi aqoqwe futhi aqondise kumabhasi okuqoqwa kwesifunda, izinhlelo zokugeleza zomphakathi ezikhona, noma mhlawumbe zibe izikhukhula ezikhona. Izakhiwo ze-inlet ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zibizwa ngokuthi yi-Type B nohlobo lwe-E.
Thayipha izintambo B : zisetshenziselwa emigwaqeni evinjiwe, zine-backplate yensimbi encibilikisiwe engena ngqo ngaphakathi kwendwangu futhi i-grate ihlala igubha phezulu phezulu. Umsele wamigwaqo uqondiswa kusuka emgqeni womgwaqo (ephakathi nendawo) kuya e-curbs kanye nomugqa wokugcoba usuke uhambele ukuya eB-Inlet. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amanzi ageleza kusukela emkhatsini womgwaqo, kuze kube yilapho eya ngaphesheya, bese egeleza eceleni kwesikhumba futhi angene emagumbini.
Thayipha ama-E Amapayipi : amabhokisi angokhonkolo abhekene ne-grate flat phezulu. Zisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphambene lapho kungekho khona i-curb yokulawula ukugeleza kwamanzi, njengendawo yokupaka noma amasimu avulekile. Indawo evulekile yenzelwe ukuthi kukhona ama-E-Inlets kumaphuzu aphansi endaweni yokudweba, lapho wonke amanzi azogeleza ngokwemvelo. Endabeni yokupaka izimoto, ukufakwa kwamatshe kuhlelwe ngokucophelela ngemigqa yesigodi nesigodi, ukuqondisa yonke indawo yokuqhuma ezindaweni.
Ngaphandle kokulawula ukungena komhlaba, umklami kufanele aphendule ukuthi mangakanani amanzi angawaqoqa kwinethiwekhi egeziwe yamanzi futhi ngezinga elingakanani azogeleza ukuya endaweni yalo yokugcina. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-inlet kanye ne-pipe sizing, kanye nephesenti lezintambo phakathi kwezinhlaka ezilawula ukuthi maduze amanzi azogeleza kanjani kwinethiwekhi. Emgodini wokugeleza kwamanzi, i-steeper umthamo wepayipi, amanzi azoshesha ngokushesha kusuka kwesakhiwo kuya kwesakhiwo. Ngokufanayo, ukukhulula usayizi wephayiphu, amanzi amaningi angabanjwa ngaphakathi kwamapayipi ngaphambi kokuba aqale ukulayisha ngaphezulu inethiwekhi nokubuyela emuva emigwaqweni. Lapho uklama uhlelo lokudonsa, indawo yokuqoqa (isamba sendawo esilungele ukuqoqwa kwindlovu ngayinye) sidinga ukucatshangwa ngokucophelela. Izindawo ezingenakwenzeka, ezinjengemigwaqo kanye nezindawo zokupaka, ngokwemvelo zenza ukugeleza okuningi kunezindawo ezinobuningi ezifana nezinsimu zokhula, lapho kubhekwa ama-seepage ingxenye enkulu yokulawulwa kwamanzi. Kumele ucabangele izindawo zokugeleza kwezakhiwo ezikhona kanye nezifunda futhi uqinisekise ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa kwenqubo yabo kubalwe kumklamo wakho ohlongozwayo.
Niyabo? Akukho lutho okumele lube nolwesabekayo, umqondo olula ovamile osebenzayo ezidingweni zezwe le-CAD yokuklama. Ucabangani: ukulungele ukungena ezweni le-CAD labantu manje?