Iphakethe liyunithi eyisisekelo yokuxhumana ngenethiwekhi yedijithali. Iphakethe libizwa nangokuthi i-datagram, ingxenye, ibhlokhi, iseli noma uhlaka, kuye ngokuthi kusetshenziselwa ukuthunyelwa kwedatha. Uma idatha kufanele idluliselwe, ihlehliswa zibe izakhiwo ezifanayo zedatha ngaphambi kokudluliselwa, okubizwa ngokuthi amaphakethe, aphinde ahlanganiswe ne-original data chunk lapho efika lapho efika khona.
Ukwakhiwa kwePakethe yeDatha
Ukwakhiwa kwepakethi kuncike kuhlobo lwepakethe futhi ku-protocol. Funda kabanzi ngezansi kumaphakethe nama-protocol. Ngokuvamile, iphakethe linomhlobiso nokukhokha.
Inhloko igcina ulwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nepakethe, isevisi, kanye neminye imininingwane ehlobene nokudluliselwa. Isibonelo, ukudluliswa kwedatha phezu kwe-Inthanethi kudinga ukwehlisa idatha kumaphakethe we-IP, okuchazwa ku-IP (Inthanethi Protocol), futhi iphakethe le-IP lihlanganisa:
- Ikheli le-IP lomthombo, eliyikheli le- IP yomshini othumela idatha.
- Ikheli le-IP elisendaweni, okuyinto umshini noma idivayisi lapho idatha ithunyelwa khona.
- Inombolo yokulandelana kwamaphakethe, inombolo ebeka amapakethe ngendlela efana nokuthi ibuye ifakwe ngendlela yokuthola idatha yangempela emuva ngqo njengoba yayingakafiki ngaphambi kokudluliselwa.
- Uhlobo lwenkonzo
- Amafulegi
- Futhi enye idatha yezobuchwepheshe
- Ukukhokhwa, okumelela inqwaba yepakethe (konke okungenhla kubhekwa njengongaphezulu), kanti empeleni idatha ithathwa.
Amaphakethe namaProtocol
Amaphakethe ahlukahluka ekuhlelweni nasekusebenzeni kuye ngokuthi izivumelwano ezisebenzisayo. I-VoIP isebenzisa i-IP protocol, ngakho-ke amaphakethe we-IP. Ngenethiwekhi ye- Ethernet , isibonelo, idatha idluliselwa kuma- Ethernet ozimele .
Ku-protocol ye-IP, amaphakethe we-IP ahamba phezu kwe-Inthanethi ngokusebenzisa ama-node, amadivayisi nama-routers (okuthiwa amakhodi kulo mongo) atholakala endleleni esuka emthonjeni kuya endaweni eya kuyo. Iphakheji ngalinye lihanjiswe endaweni eya endaweni esekelwe kulo ikheli laso futhi liya khona. Ku-node ngayinye, i-router inquma, ngokususelwa ekubaleni okufaka izibalo zenethiwekhi nezindleko, lapho i-node engumakhelwane isebenza kahle kakhulu ukuthumela iphakethe.
Le node iyasebenza kakhulu ukuthumela iphakethe. Lokhu kuyingxenye yokushintshwa kwepakethe okuyiwona oshaya amaphakethe kuyi-intanethi futhi ngamunye wabo uthola indlela yakhe eya endaweni. Le ndlela isebenzisa isakhiwo esiyinhloko se-intanethi mahhala, okuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi izingcingo ze-VoIP kanye nekholi ye-inthanethi zikhululekile noma zishibhile kakhulu.
Ngokuphambene ne-telephony yendabuko lapho umugqa noma isifunda phakathi komthombo nendawo okumele ihambisane nayo kufanele izinikezelwe futhi igcinwe (ebizwa ngokuthi ukushintsha kwesifunda), ngakho-ke izindleko ezinkulu, ukupakisha iphakethe kusebenzisa amanethiwekhi akhona mahhala.
Esinye isibonelo yi-TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), esebenza ne-IP kulokho esikubiza ngokuthi i-TCP / IP suite. I-TCP inesibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukudluliswa kwedatha kunokwethenjelwa. Ukuze ufeze lokho, ihlola ukuthi amaphakethe afike ngokulandelana, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amaphakethe akhona noma aphindiwe, nokuthi ngabe kukhona ukubambezeleka kokudluliselwa kwepakethe. Ilawula lokhu ngokubeka i-timeout kanye namasignali okuthiwa ukuvuma.
Ngaphansi
Idatha ihamba ngamaphakethe ngaphezu kwamanethiwekhi wedijithali futhi yonke idatha esiyidlayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yombhalo, umsindo, izithombe noma ividiyo, weza wehlelwa waba amaphakethe aphinde ahlanganiswe kumadivayisi ethu noma kumakhompyutha. Yingakho, isibonelo, lapho isithombe sithwala ukuxhuma okuncane, ubona izinhlamvu zalo zibonakala emva komunye.