I-traceroute - Linux Command - Unix Command

i-traceroute - phrinta amaphakethe emzila uthathe kumsingathi wenethiwekhi

Isiqubulo

i-traceroute [ -dFInrvx ] [ -f yokuqala_ttl ] [ -g isango ]

[ -i i ]] [ -m max_ttl] [ -p port ]

[ -sq nqueries ] [ -s src_addr ] [ -t tos ]

[ -wwesikhathi sokulinda ] [ -z ikhefu elimisiwe ]

bamba [ packetlen ]

Incazelo

I-intanethi yi-aggregation enkulu neyinkimbinkimbi ye-hardware yenethiwekhi, exhunywe ndawonye ngamasango. Ukulandela amaphakethe omzila womzila (noma ukuthola isango elingalungile elilahla amaphakethe akho) kungaba nzima. I-Traceroute isebenzisa iprotholothi ye - IP 'isikhathi sokuphila' futhi izama ukufaka impendulo ye-ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED kusuka esangweni ngalinye endleleni eya komunye umphathi.

Ipharamitha eliyodwa eligunyazayo yigama lokusingatha indawo okuyo noma inombolo ye-IP . Ubude be-probe yedatha yokuzenzakalela ngama- bytes angu- 40, kodwa lokhu kungandiswa ngokucacisa ubude bepakethe (nge-bytes) ngemuva kwegama lokusingatha indawo.

Ezinye izinketho ziyi:

-f

Setha isikhathi sokuqala sokubukhoma esetshenziswe epaketheni yokuqala ye-probe ephumayo.

-F

Setha "musa ukuhlukanisa" kancane.

-d

Nika amandla ukuhlehliswa kwezinga lokungena.

-g

Cacisa umzila ongenawo umzila wesiteshi (8 esiphezulu).

-i

Cacisa isikhombikubona senethiwekhi ukuze uthole ikheli le-IP lomthombo wamaphakethe we-probe aphumayo. Lokhu kuvame ukusebenza kuphela kumsingathi onama-multi-homed. (Bheka i-flag i-enye indlela yokwenza lokhu.)

-I

Sebenzisa i-ICMP ECHO esikhundleni se-datagrams ye-UDP.

-m

Setha isikhathi esiningi sokuphila (inani eliphezulu lama-hops) elisetshenziselwa amaphakethe e-probe aphumayo. Okuzenzakalelayo yi-hops ezingu-30 (okuzenzakalelayo okusetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwe-TCP).

-n

Amakheli wephrinta wephrinta ngenombolo kunokuba ufanise futhi ulandele inombolo (ugcina i-nameserver ekhoneni legama lokungena egameni ngalinye elitholakala endleleni).

-p

Hlela inombolo ye-port ye-UDP esetshenziswe ku-probes (okuzenzakalelayo yi-33434). I-Traceroute ithemba ukuthi akukho okulalelayo kuma-port we-UDP okusekela + i-nhops - 1 endaweni yokuhambela indawo (ngakho umbiko we-ICMP PORT_UNREACHABLE uzobuyiselwa ukuze uqede ukulandela umzila). Uma ngabe kukhona okulalele echwebeni kububanzi obungaguquki, le ndlela ingasetshenziswa ukukhetha ibanga lesisetshenziswa esingasetshenzisiwe.

-r

Velela amatafula avamile okuhambisa imizila futhi uthumele ngqo kumuntu ophethe inethiwekhi ethintekayo. Uma umphathi engekho kwinethiwekhi exhunyiwe ngqo, iphutha libuyiselwe. Lolu khetho lungasetshenziselwa ukuphawula umphathi wendawo ngokusebenzisa isikhombimsebenzisi esingenayo indlela (isibonelo, ngemuva kokuthi isikhombimsebenzisi sikhishwe yi- routed (8C)).

-s

Sebenzisa ikheli le-IP elilandelayo (okuyinto evame ukunikezwa njengenombolo ye-IP, hhayi igama lomninindlu) njengekheli lomthombo kumaphakethe e-probe aphumayo. Kulezi zinsizakalo eziningi ezithintekayo (labo abanamakheli angaphezu kweyodwa IP), le ndlela ingasetshenziswa ukuphoqelela ikheli lomthombo libe yinto ehlukile ngaphandle kwekheli le-IP lesikhombimsebenzisi iphakethe leprobethi elihanjisiwe. Uma ikheli le-IP alilona lamakheli e-interface womshini, iphutha libuyiselwe futhi akukho okuthunyelwe. (Bheka i- flag ukuze uthole enye indlela yokwenza lokhu.)

-t

Setha uhlobo lwezinsizakalo kumaphakethe wesiphakamiso kuya ku-value elandelayo (i-default zero). Inani kufanele libe yinani lezinombolo eziphezulu kusukela ebangeni elingu-0 kuya ku-255. Lolu khetho lungasetshenziswa ukubona ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zesevisi ziholela ezindleleni ezahlukene. (Uma ungasebenzi 4.4bsd, lokhu kungaba yisifundo kusukela kumasevisi wenethiwekhi evamile afana ne-telnet ne-ftp akukuvumeli ukuthi ulawule i-TOS). Akuzona zonke izindinganiso ze-TOS ezisemthethweni noma ezinengqondo - bheka i-IP spec for definitions. Amanani abalulekile cishe ` -t 16 '(ukubambezeleka okuphansi) no` -t 8 ' (ukuphuma okuphezulu).

-v

Ukukhishwa kwe-Verbose. Itholwe amaphakethe we-ICMP ngaphandle kwe-TIME_EXCEEDED futhi IZINGAZIWE zifakwe ohlwini.

-w

Setha isikhathi (ngemizuzwana) ukulinda impendulo kwiphrojekthi (okuzenzakalelayo 5 sec.).

-x

Guqula ama-checksums we-ip. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuvimbela i-traceroute ekubaleni i-ip checksums. Kwezinye izimo, uhlelo lokusebenza lungabhala izingxenye zepakethi ephumayo kodwa hhayi kabusha kabusha i-checksum (ngakho kwezinye izimo ukuzenzakalela kungukuthi ukubalwa amasheke bese usebenzisa -x kubangele ukuba bahlanganiswe). Qaphela ukuthi ama-checksums ngokuvamile adingekayo ku-hop yokugcina uma usebenzisa i-ICMP ECHO probes ( -I ). Ngakho njalo kubalwa uma usebenzisa ICMP.

-z

Setha isikhathi (ku-millisecond) ukuma isikhashana phakathi kwe-probes (okuzenzakalelayo 0). Ezinye izinhlelo ezifana ne-Solaris nama-routers afana nomkhawulo wezinga le-Ciscos umyalezo we-icmp. Inani elihle lokusebenzisa ngalokhu yi-500 (isib. 1/2 yesibili).

Lolu hlelo luzama ukulandelela umzila iphakethe le-IP lizolandela umphathi we-intanethi ngokusungula amaphakethe we-UDP probe nge-ttl encane (isikhathi sokuphila) bese ulalele i-ICMP "isikhathi esedlule" impendulo evela esangweni. Siqala ama-probe ethu nge-ttl eyodwa futhi sikhulise ngomunye kuze sithole i-ICMP "port engenakufinyeleka" (okusho ukuthi kufanele senze "ukusingatha") noma hit max (okuyinto ihluke kuma-hops angu-30 futhi ingashintshwa nge -m ifulegi). Izinqubo ezintathu (zishintsha nge- q flag) zithunyelwa ku-setting ngayinye ye-ttl futhi umugqa ushicilelwe ubonisa i-ttl, ikheli lesango kanye nesikhathi sokujikeleza kwesebe ngalinye. Uma izimpendulo ze-probe zivela ezindleleni ezihlukene, ikheli lesistimu ngayinye yokuphendula lizophrinta. Uma kungekho mpendulo ngaphakathi kwe-5 sec. Isikhathi sokuhamba kwesikhathi (sishintshiwe nge-i-flag), i "*" iphrintiwe kulolo sondlo.

Asifuni ukuthi umuntu ozofika khona asebenze amaphakethe weprobethi we-UDP ukuze ichweba lokufika libekwe esilinganisweni esingenakwenzeka (uma i-clod ethile lapho uya khona isebenzisa lelo xabiso, lingashintshwa nge-flag ye -p ).

Ukusetshenziswa kwesampula nokukhishwa kungenzeka kube:

[yak 71]% traceroute nis.nsf.net. i-traceroute kuya ku-nis.nsf.net (35.1.1.48), ama-hops angu-max max, iphakethe lama-byte engu-38 i-helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 19 ms 19 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32. 216.1) 39 ms 39 ms 19 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 39 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 39 ms 40 ms 39 ms 5 ccn -newf22.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.22) 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4) 40 ms 59 ms 59 ms 7 131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5) 59 ms 59 ms 59 ms 8 129.140. 70.13 (129.140.70.13) 99 ms 99 ms 80 ms 9 129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6) 139 ms 239 ms 319 ms 10 129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7) 220 ms 199 ms 199 ms 11 nicmmerit.edu (35.1 .1.48) 239 ms 239 ms 239 ms

Qaphela ukuthi imigqa 2 no-3 iyafana. Lokhu kubangelwa i-kernel ye-buggy ohlelweni lwe-hop le-2 - lbl-csam.arpa - elidlulisela amaphakethe nge-zero ttl (i-bug ku-version esasakazwa ye-4.3BSD). Qaphela ukuthi kufanele uqagele ukuthi yiziphi izindlela amaphakethe azithatha izwe lonke kusukela i-NSFNet (129.140) inganikezi izinguqulo zegama le-NSS.

Isibonelo esithakazelisayo kakhulu:

[yak 72]% traceroute allspice.lcs.mit.edu. i-traceroute ku-allspice.lcs.mit.edu (18.26.0.115), ama-hops angu-max max 1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 19 ms 19 ms 19 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 19 ms 39 ms 39 ms 5 ccn-nerif22 59 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4) 59 ms 119 ms 39 ms 7 131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5) 59 ms 59 ms 39 ms 8 129.140.70.13 ( 129.140.70.13) 80 ms 79 ms 99 ms 9 129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6) 139 ms 139 ms 159 ms 10 129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7) 199 ms 180 ms 300 ms 11 129.140.72.17 (129.140.72.17) 300 ms 239 ms 239 ms 12 * * * 13 128.121.54.72 (128.121.54.72) 259 ms 499 ms 279 ms 14 * * * 15 * * 16 * * 17 * * 18 ALLSPICE.LCS.MIT.EDU (18.26) .0.115) 339 ms 279 ms 279 ms

Qaphela ukuthi amasango angu-12, 14, 15, 16 no-17 ahamba phambili noma angawuthumeli isikhathi "se-ICMP" noma sithumele nge-ttl encane kakhulu ukuze asifinyelele. Abangu-14 kuya ku-17 basebenzisa ikhodi ye-MIT C Gateway engathumeli "isikhathi sidlule" s. UNkulunkulu wazi kuphela ukuthi kwenzekani ngo-12.

Isango elithule 12 kulokhu ngenhla kungase kube umphumela we-bug ku-4. [23] Ikhodi ye-BSD yenethiwekhi (kanye ne-derivatives yayo): 4.x (x <= 3) ithumela umlayezo ongafinyeleleki usebenzisa noma yikuphi i-ttl ehlala ekuqaleni i-datagram. Njengoba, ngenxa yezango, i-ttl esele i-zero, i-ICMP "isikhathi esedlulile" siqinisekisiwe ukuba singayifuni. Ukuziphatha kwalokhu bug kunomtshisekelo nakakhulu uma kubonakala kuhlelo lokuphela:

1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms 39 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) ) 19 ms 39 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 39 ms 40 ms 19 ms 5 ccn-nerif35.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.35) 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 csgw. Berkeley.EDU (128.32.133.254) 39 ms 59 ms 39 ms 7 * * * 8 * * 9 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ms! 39 ms! 39 ms!

Qaphela ukuthi kukhona "amasango" angu-12 (okuyi-13 okuyiyona ndawo yokugcina) kanti ncamashi ingxenye yabo yokugcina "ayikho". Okwenzekayo ngempela ukuthi ukuvuthwa (i-Sun-3 eqhuba i-Sun OS3.5) isebenzisa i-ttl kusukela ekufikeni kwethu kwe-datagram njenge-ttl ekuphenduleni kwayo kwe-ICMP. Ngakho-ke, impendulo izokwenzeka ngesikhathi sokubuya (kungekho saziso esithunyelwe kunoma ubani kusukela i-ICMP ayithunyelwanga i-ICMP) kuze kube yilapho sihlola nge-ttl okungenani kabili ubude bendlela. Yebo, ukuvuthwa kuyi-7 hops kuphela. Impendulo ebuyela nge-ttl ye-1 iyinsizakalo le nkinga ikhona. I-Traceroute ifaka "!" emva kwesikhathi uma i-ttl ingu <= 1. Njengoba abathengisi bethumela okuningi okungasebenzi (i-DEC sika-Ultrix, i-Sun 3.x) noma isofthiwe engeyona ejwayelekile (HPUX), lindela ukubona le nkinga njalo futhi / noma ukunakekelwa ngokukhipha okuhlosiwe i-host of your probes.

Ezinye izichasiselo ezingenzeka ngemva kwesikhathi ! H,! N , noma ! P (umhlangano, inethiwekhi noma iprotocol efinyelelekayo),! S (umzila wemithombo uhlulekile) ,! F- (ukuhlukaniswa kuyadingeka - iRFC1191 Path MTU Discovery value iboniswa), ! X (ukuxhumana okungavunyelwe ngokusemthethweni) ,! V (bamba ukuhlukumeza kokuqala),! C (ukutholwa komthetho kuqala), noma ! (Ikhodi ye-ICMP engatholakali). Lezi zichazwe yi-RFC1812 (efaka i-RFC1716). Uma cishe wonke ama-probe abangela uhlobo oluthile lokungatholakali, i-traceroute izoyeka futhi iphume.

Lolu hlelo luhloselwe ukusebenzisa ekuhlolweni kwenethiwekhi, isilinganiso, nokuphathwa. Kufanele isetshenziswe ngokuyinhloko ukuze kube nokuhlukunyezwa kwamaphutha. Ngenxa yomthwalo ongayifaka kwinethiwekhi, akusiyo ukuhlakanipha ukusebenzisa i- traceroute ngesikhathi sokusebenza okujwayelekile noma kusuka kwiskripthi esenzakalelayo.

Bona futhi

umzila (8), netstat (1), i-ping (8)