Cishe yonke idivayisi ekwazi ukusebenzisa i-computing idinga i-RAM. Bheka idivayisi yakho oyintandokazi (isib. Ama-Smartphone, amaphilisi, ama-desktops, ama-laptops, ama-calculator ama-graphing, i-HDTV, izinhlelo zokudlala ezithintekayo, njll.), Futhi kufanele uthole ulwazi mayelana ne-RAM. Yize yonke i-RAM isebenza ngenhloso efanayo, kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezahlukahlukene ezisetshenziswa namuhla:
- I-RAM esheshayo (i-SRAM)
- I-RAM enamandla (i-DRAM)
- I-RAM Enamandla ye-Dynamic (SDRAM)
- I-Single Data Rate ye-RAM Enamandla ye-Dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM)
- I-RAM yedatha yeDynamic yeDatha yedatha kabili (i-DDR SDRAM, i-DDR2, i-DDR3, i-DDR4)
- I-Graphics Double Data Rate Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM (GDDR SDRAM, GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5)
- Flash Memory
Iyini i-RAM?
I-RAM imele iMemori Yokufinyelela Okungahleliwe , futhi inikeza amakhompyutha indawo edingekayo yokuphatha ulwazi nokuxazulula izinkinga okwamanje. Ungacabanga ngakho njengephepha lokuphinda livuselele ukuthi ungabhala amanothi, izinombolo, noma imidwebo ngepensela. Uma uphuma ekamelweni ephepheni, wenza okuningi ngokususa lokho ongasayidingi; I-RAM iziphatha ngendlela efanayo uma idinga isikhala esiningi sokubhekana nolwazi lwesikhashana (ie ukuqhuba isofthiwe / izinhlelo). Izingcezu ezinkulu zephepha zikuvumela ukuba uhlaziye imibono engaphezulu (futhi emikhulu) ngesikhathi ngaphambi kokuba usule; i-RAM eningi ngaphakathi kwamakhompiyutha abelana ngomphumela ofanayo.
I-RAM ivela ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene (ie indlela ehlobene ngayo ngokomzimba noma esebenzisana ne-computing systems), amandla (kulinganiswa ku- MB noma i-GB ), ngesivinini (kulinganiswa ku- MHz noma i-GHz ), nezakhiwo. Lezi zici nezinye izinto kubalulekile ukucabangela lapho izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa nge-RAM, njengezinhlelo zekhompyutha (isib. I-hardware, amabhodi wamamayela) kufanele zihambisane neziqondiso ezihambelana nokuhambisana. Ngokwesibonelo:
- Amakhompiyutha okudala asekukhulile ayinakwenzeka ukuba afake izinhlobo zamanje zamuva zobuchwepheshe be-RAM
- Imemori ye-laptop ngeke ifaneleke kudesktops (futhi ngokuphambene nalokho)
- I-RAM ayihlali njalo ehambisanayo emuva
- Uhlelo ngokuvamile alukwazi ukuxuba nokufanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene / izizukulwane ze-RAM ndawonye
I-RAM esheshayo (i-SRAM)
Isikhathi Emakethe: 1990s ukuletha
Imikhiqizo Evelele Ukusebenzisa i-SRAM: Amakhamera adijithali, ama-routers, amaphrinta, izikrini ze-LCD
Enye yezinhlobo ezimbili zememori eyisisekelo (enye i-DRAM), i-SRAM idinga ukugeleza kwamandla okuqhubekayo ukuze kusebenze. Ngenxa yamandla aqhubekayo, i-SRAM ayidingi ukuba 'ivuselelwe' ukukhumbula idatha egcinwe. Yingakho i-SRAM ibizwa ngokuthi 'static' - akukho ushintsho noma isenzo (isib. Ukuvuselela) kuyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe idatha. Kodwa-ke, i-SRAM imemori engazinzile, okusho ukuthi yonke idatha egcinwe ilahleka uma amandla enqunywe.
Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa i-SRAM (ngokumelene ne-DRAM) zingaphansi kokusetshenziswa kwamandla nokushesha okufinyeleleka kokufinyelela. Ukungalungi kokusebenzisa i-SRAM (ngokumelene ne-DRAM) kunememori encane yokukhumbula kanye nezindleko eziphakeme zokukhiqiza. Ngenxa yalezi zimpawu, i-SRAM isetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile ku:
- Isilondolozi se-CPU (isib. L1, L2, L3)
- I-hard drive buffer / i-cache
- Abaguquli be-Digital-to-analog (ama-DAC) kumakhadi wevidiyo
I-RAM enamandla (i-DRAM)
Isikhathi Emakethe: 1970 kuya phakathi nawo-1990
Imikhiqizo Evelele Esebenzisa i-DRAM: Izidakamizwa zegeyimu yevidiyo, i-hardware yokuxhumana
Enye yezinhlobo ezimbili zememori eyisisekelo (enye i-SRAM), i-DRAM idinga ukuvuselela 'kwamandla' ngezikhathi ukuze isebenze. Ama-capacitors agcina idatha ku-DRAM kancane kancane akhipha amandla; akukho amandla kusho ukuthi idatha ilahlekile. Yingakho i-DRAM ibizwa ngokuthi 'inamandla' - ushintsho oluqhubekayo noma isinyathelo (isib. Ukuvuselela) kuyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe idatha. I-DRAM nayo inkumbulo enamandla, okusho ukuthi yonke idatha egcinwe ilahleka uma amandla enqunywe.
Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa i-DRAM (vs. SRAM) zindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza kanye nokukhunjulwa kwamakhono okukhumbula. Ukungalungi kokusebenzisa i-DRAM (vs. SRAM) kunesisindo sokufinyelela kancane kancane nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu. Ngenxa yalezi zici, i-DRAM isetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile ku:
- Inkumbulo yesistimu
- Imemori yehluzo yevidiyo
Ngama-1990, i- Extended Data Out Dynamic RAM (EDO DRAM) yasungulwa, ilandelwa ukuguquguquka kwayo, i- Burst EDO RAM (BEDO DRAM). Lezi zinkumbulo zenze isikhalazo ngenxa yokwanda kwezinga / ukusebenza kahle ngezindleko eziphansi. Noma kunjalo, ubuchwepheshe bubuyiselwe isikhathi eside ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-SDRAM.
I-RAM Enamandla ye-Dynamic (SDRAM)
Isikhathi Emakethe: 1993 ukuletha
Imikhiqizo Edumile Ukusebenzisa i-SDRAM: Inkumbulo yekhompyutha, izidakamizwa zemidlalo yevidiyo
I-SDRAM iyisigaba se-DRAM esisebenza ngokuvumelanisa newashi le- CPU , okusho ukuthi lilinda isignali yewashi ngaphambi kokuphendula kokufaka kwedatha (isib. Isikhombimsebenzisi somsebenzisi). Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-DRAM inamandla, okusho ukuthi isabela ngokushesha ekufakweni kwedatha. Kodwa inzuzo yokusebenza ngokuvumelanisa ukuthi i-CPU ingakwazi ukucubungula imiyalelo elandelanayo ngokufana, eyaziwa nangokuthi 'i-pipelining' - ikhono lokuthola (funda) imilayezo emisha ngaphambi kokuba imfundo yangaphambilini ixazululwe ngokugcwele (bhala).
Nakuba i-pipelining ayithinti isikhathi esithathayo ukucubungula imiyalelo, ivumela imiyalelo eminingi ukuba igcwaliswe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukucubungula okufundwayo okukodwa kanye nokubhala okukodwa kwe-clock umjikelezo wewashi kumiphumela ephezulu yokudlulisa / ukusebenza kwama-CPU. I-SDRAM isekela i-pipelining ngenxa yokuthi inkumbulo yayo ihlukaniswe ngamabhange ahlukene, yilokho okwaholela ekuthandeni kwayo okubanzi phezu kwe-DRAM eyisisekelo.
I-Single Data Rate ye-RAM Enamandla ye-Dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM)
Isikhathi Emakethe: 1993 ukuletha
Imikhiqizo Evelele Ukusebenzisa i-SDR SDRAM: Inkumbulo yekhompyutha, izidakamizwa zegeyimu yevidiyo
I-SDR SDRAM yigama elandisiwe le-SDRAM - lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zinye futhi zifanayo, kepha ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi njenge-SDRAM nje. 'Izinga elilodwa lwedatha' libonisa ukuthi inkumbulo iqhuba kanjani ukufunda okulodwa kanye nokubhala okulodwa ngomjikelezo wewashi. Lokhu kubhaliswa kusiza ukucacisa ukuqhathaniswa phakathi kwe-SDR SDRAM ne-DDR SDRAM:
- I-DDR SDRAM iyinhloko yokuthuthukiswa kwesizukulwane sesibili se-SDR SDRAM
Idatha yeDatha yedatha yama-Dynamic RAM (DDR SDRAM)
Isikhathi Emakethe: 2000 ukwethula
Imikhiqizo Edumile Ukusebenzisa i-DDR SDRAM: Inkumbulo yekhompyutha
I-DDR SDRAM isebenza njenge-SDR SDRAM, kuphela kabili ngokusheshisa. I-DDR SDRAM iyakwazi ukucubungula kokubili ukufunda nokubili ukubhala imiyalelo ngomjikelezo wewashi (ngakho-ke 'kabili'). Nakuba kusebenza okufanayo, i-DDR SDRAM ine-umehluko ongokwenyama (izikhonkwane eziyi-184 kanye neskinobho esisodwa kwisixhumanisi) ngokuhambisana ne-SDR SDRAM (izikhonkwane ezingu-168 nezinkinobho ezimbili esixhumeni). I-DDR SDRAM iphinda isebenze kumatsheni aphansi ajwayelekile (2.5 V kusuka ku 3.3 V), ukuvimbela ukuhambisana okubuyela emuva ne-SDR SDRAM.
- I-DDR2 SDRAM ukuthuthukiswa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo ku-DDR SDRAM. Ngenkathi kusezingeni eliphindwe kabili lwedatha (ukucubungula kokubili kokufunda nokubili ukubhala imiyalelo ngomjikelezo wewashi), i-DDR2 SDRAM iyashesha ngoba ingahamba ngesivinini sewashi ephakeme. Izindinganiso ze-DDR (standard) ezingenqatshiwe (i-DDR2) ezingaphezulu kwezingu-200 MHz, kuyilapho ama modemu amemori ejwayelekile we-DDR2 ephuma ngaphandle ku-533 MHz. I-DDR2 SDRAM isebenza emotheni ephansi (1.8 V) ngezikhonkwane ezingaphezulu (240), okuvimbela ukuhambisana emuva.
- I-DDR3 SDRAM ithuthukisa ukusebenza phezu kwe-DDR2 SDRAM ngokusebenzisa ukucubungula kwamasignali ethuthukile (ukuthembeka), amandla okukhumbula inkumbulo, ukusetshenziswa okuphansi kwamandla (1.5 V), nokuvinjelwa kwewashi ejwayelekile (kuze kufika ku-800 Mhz). Nakuba i-DDR3 SDRAM ibelana ngezinombolo ezifanayo zezikhonkwane njenge-DDR2 SDRAM (240), zonke ezinye izici zivimbela ukuhambisana emuva.
- I-DDR4 SDRAM ithuthukisa ukusebenza ku-DDR3 SDRAM ngokusebenzisa ukucubungula kwesignali ezithuthukisiwe (ukuthembeka), umthamo omkhulu wokukhumbula, ngisho nokusetshenziswa okuphansi kwamandla (1.2 V), nokuvinjelwa kwewashi ejwayelekile (kufika ku-1600 Mhz). I-DDR4 SDRAM isebenzisa ukucushwa kwe-288-pin, okuvimbela ukuhambisana okubuyela emuva.
I-Graphics Double Data Rate Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM (GDDR SDRAM)
Isikhathi Emakethe: 2003 ukwethula
Imikhiqizo Edumile Ukusebenzisa i-GDDR SDRAM: amakhadi wehluzo zevidiyo, amanye amaphilisi
I-GDDR SDRAM uhlobo lwe-DDR SDRAM elungiselelwe ngokukhethekile ukuhumusha kwevidiyo, ngokuvamile ngokuhambisana neGPU (i-graph processing unit) ekhadini levidiyo . Amanethiwekhi we-PC yanamuhla ayaziwa ukuthi avule imvilophu ngezingqinamba ezicacile eziphezulu ze-definition, ngokuvamile ezidinga ama-specs wesistimu ephakeme futhi i- hardware yekhredithi yevidiyo ehle kakhulu ukuze idlale (ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa ama- 720p noma ama-1080p aphezulu wokubonisa isinqumo ).
- Ngokufanayo ne-DDR SDRAM, i-GDDR SDRAM inomugqa wayo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo (ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokusebenzisa amandla aphansi): GDDR2 SDRAM, GDDR3 SDRAM, GDDR4 SDRAM, ne-GDDR5 SDRAM.
Naphezu kokuhlanganyela izici ezifanayo kakhulu ne-DDR SDRAM, i-GDDR SDRAM ayifani ngokufanayo. Kukhona ukungafani okuphawulekayo ngendlela i-GDDR SDRAM esebenza ngayo, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuthi indlela yokuhamba ngemikhakha ithandwa kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-GDDR SDRAM kulindeleke ukuthi isebenze amanani amaningi yedatha (umkhawulokudonsa), kodwa hhayi ngesivinini esheshayo (latency) - cabanga ngomgwaqo omkhulu ongu-16 ongu-55 MPH. Ngokulinganayo, i-DDR SDRAM kulindeleke ukuba ibe ne-latency ephansi ukuze iphendule ngokushesha ku-CPU - cabanga ngomgwaqo omkhulu ongu-2 ongu-85 MPH.
Flash Memory
Isikhathi eMakethe: 1984 ukwethula
Imikhiqizo Evelele Ukusebenzisa I-Flash Memory: Amakhamera adijithali, ama-smartphones / amaphilisi, izinhlelo zokudlala zokudlala / amathoyizi
Inkumbulo ye-flash wuhlobo lokugcina okungavumelekile okugcina isitoreji esilondoloza yonke idatha ngemva kokuthi amandla aqedwe. Naphezu kwegama, imemori ye-flash iseduze kufomu kanye nokusebenza (isib. Ukugcinwa nokudluliswa kwedatha) ekuqhumeni kombuso oqinile kunezinhlobo ze-RAM ezishiwo ngenhla. Inkumbulo ye-Flash ivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ku:
- Ukushayela kwe-USB
- Amaphrinta
- Abadlali be-media abahlekayo
- Amakhadi okukhumbula
- Amakhomphyutha amancane / amathoyizi
- PDAs