Ukudluliswa kwedatha kwiNethiwekhi ye-IP
Ukuhamba ngezinyawo kuyindlela lapho ama-packet yedatha adluliselwa kusuka kumshini owodwa noma idivaysi (ebizwa ngokuthi yi-node) kwenye inethiwekhi kuze kube yilapho efika khona.
Uma idatha idluliselwa kusuka kudivayisi eyodwa kuya kwesinye kwinethiwekhi ye- IP , njenge-intanethi, idatha ihlehliwe yaba amayunithi amancane okuthiwa amaphakethe. Lezi zinyathelo zithwala, kanye nedatha, inhloko equkethe ulwazi oluningi olusiza ohambweni lwayo ukuya endaweni yabo, kufana nalokho onakho emvilophini. Lolu lwazi luhlanganisa amakheli e-IP wemishini yomthombo nendawo yokuhlala, izinombolo zamaphakethe ezizosiza ukuphinde zihlangane ukuze zifinyelele, kanye nolunye ulwazi lobuchwepheshe.
Ukuhamba ngendlela efanayo kufana nokushintsha (ngokuhlukile okwehlukile kwezobuchwepheshe, engizokukhulula kuzo). Ukuhamba kwe-IP isebenzisa amakheli e-IP ukuhambisa amaphakethe e-IP kusuka emithonjeni yawo kuya ezindaweni zawo. I-IP ithatha ukushintshwa kwepakethe, ngokungafani nokushintsha kwesifunda.
Indlela Ukusebenza Ngokusebenzayo Kusebenza Kanjani
Ake sicabangele isimo lapho uLi ethumela umlayezo osuka kukhompyutha yakhe e-China athumela umlayezo kumshini kaJo eNew York. I-TCP nezinye izivumelwano zenza umsebenzi wazo nedatha kumshini kaLi; khona-ke ithunyelwa kumodemu yeprotocol ye-IP, lapho amaphakethe wedatha ahlanganiswa khona amaphakethe we-IP futhi athunyelwa phezu kwenethiwekhi (i-intanethi).
Lezi phakethe yedatha kufanele zidlule eziningi ze-routers ukuze zifinyelele lapho zihamba khona ingxenye yomhlaba. Umsebenzi lo ma routers ubizwa ngokuthi ukuhamba. Ipakethe ngayinye ithwala amakheli e-IP omshini womthombo nendawo oya kuyo.
I-router ngayinye ephakathi ihlola ikheli le-IP yepakethe ngalinye elitholiwe. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, ngamunye uzokwazi ngqo ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokuhambisa iphakethe. Ngokujwayelekile, i-router ngayinye inetafula lokuhambisa, lapho idatha ephathelene namaritha angomakhelwane igcinwa khona. Le datha iqukethe izindleko ezithunyelwa ekuthumeleleni iphakethe ngokuya kuleyo node engumakhelwane. Izindleko zihambisana nezidingo zenethiwekhi kanye nezinsiza ezilula. Idatha esuka kuleli tafula ibhekwa futhi isetshenziselwa ukunquma indlela engcono kakhulu yokuyithatha, noma i-node esebenzayo kakhulu yokuthumela iphakethe endleleni eya endaweni yayo.
Amaphakethe ahamba ngayinye indlela yawo, futhi angathuthela emanethiwekhi ahlukahlukene futhi athathe izindlela ezahlukene. Bonke ekugcineni bahanjiswe kumshini owodwa oya endaweni.
Lapho ufinyelela kumshini kaJo, ikheli lokuphela kanye nekheli lomshini lizofana. Amaphakethe ayoshiswa umshini, lapho i-module ye-IP kuyophinde ibuye ifane futhi ithumele idatha ephumayo ngenhla kumsebenzi we-TCP ukuze uqhubekele phambili.
I-TCP / IP
I-IP isebenza kanye ne- TCP protocol ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukudluliselwa kunokwethenjelwa, okungekho iphakethe lwedatha elahlekile, ukuthi lihlelekile nokuthi akukho ukubambezeleka okungenangqondo.
Kwezinye izinsizakalo, i-TCP ithathelwe esikhundleni ne-UDP (iphakethe elihlanganisiwe le-datagram) elingatholi ukuthembeka ekusakazeni futhi lithumela amaphakethe ngaphezulu. Isibonelo, ezinye izinhlelo ze-VoIP zisebenzisa i-UDP yamakholi. Amaphakethe alahlekile angeke athinte ikhwalithi yocingo okuningi.