Imiyalo ye-Linux yenza ukuphila kube lula
Lo mhlahlandlela ubonisa ukuthi ungakha kanjani abasebenzisi ngaphakathi kwe- Linux usebenzisa umugqa womyalo. Ngenkathi ukusabalalisa okuningi kwe-desktop Linux kunikeza ithuluzi elibonakalayo lokudala abasebenzisi kuwumqondo omuhle ukufunda ukuthi ungayenza kanjani kusuka emgqeni wokulayela ukuze ukwazi ukudlulisela amakhono akho kusuka kokusakaza okunye kuya komunye ngaphandle kokufunda ukungena komsebenzisi omusha.
01 kwezingu-12
Indlela Yokwakha Umsebenzisi
Ake siqale ngokudala umsebenzisi olula.
Umyalo olandelayo uzofaka umsebenzisi omusha obizwa ngokuthi i-test ohlelweni lwakho:
ukuhlolwa komsebenzisi we-sudo
Okuzokwenzeka uma lo myalo usebenza uzoxhomeka kokuqukethwe kwefayili yokumiswa ekhona / etc / default / useradd.
Ukuze ubuke okuqukethwe / / etc / default / useradd sebenzisa umyalo olandelayo:
sudo nano / njll / okuzenzakalelayo / useradd
Ifayela lokumisa lizobeka igobolondo ezenzakalelayo e- Ubuntu ibin / sh. Zonke ezinye izinketho ziphawula.
Okukhethwa kukho okukhulunywe ngakho kukuvumela ukuba usethe ifolda yasekhaya ezenzakalelayo, iqembu, inombolo yezinsuku ngemuva kwephasiwedi iphelelwe yisikhathi ngaphambi kokuthi i-akhawunti ikhutshazwe futhi idethi yokuphela kwesikhathi.
Into ebalulekile yokuqoqa ulwazi olungenhla ukuthi ukusebenzisa umyalo we-useradd ngaphandle kwanoma yikuphi ukushintshwa kungaveza imiphumela ehlukene emiphakathini ehlukene futhi kuhlangene nezilungiselelo kwifayili / etc / default / useradd.
Ngaphandle kwefayela / etc / default / useradd, kukhona ifayela elibizwa ngokuthi /etc/login.defs elizoxoxwa kamuva emhlahlandlela.
Okubalulekile: i-sudo ayifakiwe kukho konke ukusabalalisa. Uma ingafakiwe udinga ukungena ku-akhawunti ngezimvume ezifanele zokudala abasebenzisi
02 kwezingu-12
Indlela Yokudala Umsebenzisi Ngencwadi Yasekhaya
Isibonelo esandulele sasilula kodwa umsebenzisi angakwazi noma anganikezwa umlando wesizinda esekelwe efayeleni lesethingi.
Ukuphoqelela ukudalwa kwencwadi yomkhaya ukusebenzisa umyalo olandelayo:
ukuhlolwa komsebenzisi -m
Umlayezo ongenhla udala ifolda / ekhaya / yokuhlolwa kwe-test yomsebenzisi.
03 ka-12
Indlela Yokudala Umsebenzisi Ngomhlahlandlela Wasekhaya Ehlukile
Uma ufuna umsebenzisi abe nefolda yasekhaya endaweni ehlukile kuya kokuzenzakalelayo ungasebenzisa i--d switch.
sudo useradd -m -d / test test
Umyalo ongenhla uzodala ifolda ebizwa ngokuthi ivivinyo lokuhlolwa komsebenzisi ngaphansi kwefolda yezimpande.
Qaphela: ngaphakathi -m shintsha ifolda angeke idalwe. Kuxhomeke ekulungiseleleni ngaphakathi /etc/login.defs.
Ukuze uthole lokhu ukusebenza ngaphandle kokukhomba i -m switch hlela ifayela /etc/login.defs futhi phansi kwefayela faka umugqa olandelayo:
CREATE_HOME yebo
04 kwangu-12
Indlela Yokushintsha Iphasiwedi Yomsebenzisi usebenzisa i-Linux
Manje ukuthi usungule umsebenzisi enefolda ekhaya uzodinga ukushintsha iphasiwedi yomsebenzisi.
Ukusetha iphasiwedi yomsebenzisi udinga ukusebenzisa umyalo olandelayo:
ukuhlolwa kwe-passwd
Umyalo ongenhla uzokuvumela ukuba usethe iphasiwedi yomsebenzisi wokuhlola. Uyothunyelwa iphasiwedi oyifisa ukuyisebenzisa.
05 ka-12
Indlela Yokushintsha Abasebenzisi
Ungahlola i-akhawunti yakho yomsebenzisi omusha ngokuthayipha okulandelayo efasiteleni lokugcina:
ukuhlolwa
Umlayezo ongenhla ushintsha umsebenzisi ku-akhawunti yokuhlola futhi ucabanga ukuthi udale ifolda yasekhaya uzobekwa kufolda yasekhaya yalo msebenzisi.
06 kwezingu-12
Dala Umsebenzisi Ngosuku Oluphelile
Uma usebenza ehhovisi futhi unekontrakta entsha uqala ukuthi ngubani ozoba ehhovisi lakho isikhathi esifushane uzobe ufuna ukubeka usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwi-akhawunti yakhe yomsebenzisi.
Ngokufanayo, uma unomndeni ozohlala uhlala khona ungakha i-akhawunti yomsebenzisi yelungu lomndeni eliphelelwa yisikhathi ngemuva kokushiya.
Ukusetha usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi lapho udala umsebenzisi, sebenzisa umyalo olandelayo:
i-useradd -d / ikhaya / ukuhlolwa-ukuhlolwa kuka-2016-02-05
Idethi kufanele icaciswe kwifomathi YYYY-MM-DD lapho i-YYYY yonyaka, i-MM iyinombolo yenyanga futhi i-DD yinombolo yosuku.
07 kwangu-12
Indlela Yakha Umsebenzisi Futhi Uwunikeze Kuqembu
Uma unomsebenzisi omusha ejoyina inkampani yakho ungase ufune ukwabela amaqembu athile alowo msebenzisi ukuze afinyelele kumafayela afanayo namafolda njengamanye amalungu eqembu lawo.
Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ukuthi ukhona nomfana obizwa ngokuthi uJohn futhi wayejoyina njenge-accountant.
Umyalo olandelayo uzofaka uJohn eqenjini lama-akhawunti.
ama-useradd -m john -G akhawunti
08 kwabangu-12
Ukulungisa okuzenzakalelayo kokungena ngaphakathi kwe-Linux
Ifayela /etet/login.defs yifayela lokumisa elihlinzeka ngokuziphatha okuzenzakalelayo kwimisebenzi yokungena ngemvume.
Kukhona ezinye izilungiselelo eziyinhloko kuleli fayela. Ukuvula ifayili /etc/login.defs faka umyalo olandelayo:
sudo nano /etc/login.defs
Ifayela login.defs liqukethe izilungiselelo ezilandelayo ongase ufune ukuzishintsha:
- PASS_MAX_DAYS - Kuze kube nini iphasiwedi iphelelwa yisikhathi.
- PASS_MIN_DAYS - Iphasiwedi ingasetshenziswa kaningi kangakanani.
- PASS_WARN_AGE - Inombolo yezinsuku ezixwayisa ngaphambi kwephasiwedi iphela.
- LOGIN_RETRIES - Inombolo yemizamo yokungena ngemvume ngaphambi kokuhluleka.
- LOGIN_TIMEOUT - Kuze kube nini ngaphambi kokuthi izikhathi zokungena ngemvume ziphume.
- DEFAULT_HOME - Ingabe umsebenzisi ungangena ngemvume uma kungekho ifolda yasekhaya ekhona.
Qaphela ukuthi lezi yizinketho ezenzakalelayo futhi zingadlulelwa lapho udala umsebenzisi omusha.
09 kwangu-12
Indlela Yokucacisa Ukungena Kwephasiwedi Yokuphela Uma Udala Umsebenzisi
Ungasetha idethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwephasiwedi, inombolo yokuzamazama kokungena ngemvume kanye nokuhamba kwesikhathi uma udala umsebenzisi.
Isibonelo esilandelayo sikhombisa ukuthi ungakha kanjani umsebenzisi ngesilumkiso sephasiwedi, inombolo enkulu yezinsuku ngaphambi kokuba iphasiwedi iphelelwe yisikhathi futhi ungene ngemvume okulindelekile.
i-sudo useradd test5 -m -K PASS_MAX_DAYS = 5 -K PASS_WARN_AGE = 3 -K LOGIN_RETRIES = 1
10 kwangu-12
Yenza Ukudala Kwomsebenzisi Ngaphandle Kwefolda Yasekhaya
Uma ifayela le- login.defs linenketho CREATE_HOME yebo noma isethwe ke uma umsebenzisi edalwe ifolda yasekhaya izokwenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Ukudala umsebenzisi ngaphandle kwefolda yasekhaya kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izilungiselelo zisebenzisa umyalo olandelayo:
umsebenzisi we-useradd -M
Kuyinto edidekile ukuthi -m imele ukudala ikhaya futhi-imelela ukuthi ungadala ikhaya.
11 kwangu-12
Cacisa Igama Eliphelele Lomsebenzisi Lapho Udala Umsebenzisi
Njengengxenye yenqubomgomo yakho yokudala umsebenzisi, ungakhetha ukwenza into efana nokuqala kokuqala, elandelwa igama lokugcina. Isibonelo, igama lomsebenzisi elithi "John Smith" lizoba "jsmith".
Uma ufuna imininingwane ngomsebenzisi angeke ukwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kukaJohn Smith noJenny Smith.
Ungangeza amazwana uma udala i-akhawunti ngakho kulula ukuthola igama langempela lomsebenzisi.
Umyalo olandelayo ubonisa ukuthi ungakwenza kanjani lokhu:
umsebenzisi -m jsmith -c "uJohn smith"
12 kwangu-12
Ukuhlaziya I-/ etc / ifayela le-passwd
Uma udala umsebenzisi imininingwane yalo msebenzisi ingeziwe kufayili / etc / passwd.
Ukuze ubuke imininingwane ngomsebenzisi othize ungasebenzisa umyalo we-grep kanje:
grep john / njll / passwd
Qaphela: Umyalo ongenhla uzobuyisela imininingwane mayelana nabo bonke abasebenzisi ngegama elithi uJohn njengengxenye yegama lomsebenzisi.
Ifayela / njll / i-passuword iqukethe uhlu oluhlukanisiwe koluloni lwamasimu mayelana nomsebenzisi ngamunye.
Amasimu anjengokulandelayo:
- Igama lomsebenzisi;
- Iphasiwedi ebhaliwe (okusobala ukuthi awukwazi ukubona);
- I-ID Yomsebenzisi;
- I-id yeqembu lomsebenzisi;
- Igama eligcwele lomsebenzisi;
- Umhlahlandlela wasekhaya womsebenzisi;
- Igobolondo yokungena.