Imikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi ivamise izixuku eziyinkimbinkimbi zama-circuits, kodwa njengoba uphinde ubuyekeze izingqikithi zomkhiqizo we-elekthronikhi oyinkimbinkimbi, ama-circuits ajwayelekile, ama-subsystems namamodeli atholakala ngokuphindaphindiwe. Lezi zifunda ezijwayelekile ziyi-circuits elula okulula ukuyiklama, ukusebenza nawo, nokuhlola. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezihloko eziyishumi ezihamba phambili ezijikelezayo ezisetshenziswe ku-elekthronikhi.
1. Isihlukanisi sokuhlaselwa
Elinye lama-circuits ajwayelekile kakhulu asetshenziswe nge-elekthronikhi ngumhlukanisi othobekile wokuhlaselwa. Umhlukanisi ophikisayo uyindlela enhle yokulahla umthamo wesignali ebangeni elifunayo. Abahlukanisi abahlukunyezwayo banikeza izinzuzo zezindleko eziphansi, kalula ukuklama, izinto ezimbalwa futhi bathatha isikhala esincane ebhodini. Kodwa-ke, abahlukanisi abahlukumezayo bangakwazi ukulayisha phansi isignali okungashintsha isignali ngokuphawulekayo. Ezingxenyeni eziningi, lokhu kuthinteka okuncane kakhulu futhi kuyamukeleka, kodwa abaklami kufanele baqaphele umthelela umhlukanisi ongabalayo angaba nayo esifundeni.
2. OpAmps
I-OpAmps nayo iyasiza kakhulu ekubhokiseni isignali ngenkathi ikhuphula noma ihlukanisa isignali yokufaka. Lokhu kwenzeka kakhulu lapho isibonakaliso sidinga ukuqapha ngaphandle kokuthinta isifunda ukwenza ukuqapha. Futhi okukhethwa kukho okukhulisa nokuhlukanisa kuvumela uhla olungcono lokuzwa noma ukulawula.
3. I-Level Shifter
I-todays electronics igcwele chips ezidinga izintambo ezihlukene zokusebenza. Amaprosesa amandla aphansi ngokuvamile asebenza ku-3.3 noma 1.8v ngenkathi izinzwa eziningi zigijima kuma-volts angu-5. Ukungenelela kulezi zindlela ezihlukeneyo ohlelweni olufanayo kudinga ukuthi izimpawu ziyeke noma zithuthukiswe ezingeni elidingekayo le-vol for individual chip. Isixazululo esisodwa ukusebenzisa isifunda se-FET esishintshashintshayo sezinga elixoxwa ku- Philips AN97055 App Note noma i-chip eguquguqukayo yezinga eliguqukayo. Ama-chips aguquguqukayo aphezulu alula kakhulu ukuwasebenzisa futhi adinga izingxenye ezimbalwa zangaphandle, kodwa bonke banezinkinga zabo ze-quirks nezokuhambisana ngezindlela ezahlukene zokuxhumana.
4. Hlunga ama-Capacitors
Wonke ama-electronics angakwazi ukuzwa umsindo we-elektroniki ongabangela ukuziphatha okungalindelekile, ukuhlaselwa noma ukuvimbela ngokuphelele ukusebenza kwe-elekthronikhi. Ukungeza i- capacitor yesihlungi emiphumeleni yamandla ye-chip kungasiza ekuqedeni umsindo ohlelweni futhi kunconywa kuwo wonke ama-microchips (bona idatha ye-chips ye-capacitors engcono kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa). Futhi ama-caps angasetshenziswa ukuhlunga okokufaka kwamasignali ukuze wehlise umsindo emgqeni wesignali.
5. Ukuvala / ukuvala ukuvala
Ukulawulwa kwamandla ezinhlelo nezinhlelo zokusebenza kuyisidingo esivamile kwi-elekthronikhi. Kunezindlela eziningana zokufeza lesi sici kuhlanganise nokusebenzisa i-transistor noma i-relay. Ukudluliswa okukude okuhlukile kungenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu futhi ezilula zokuqalisa ukushintsha / ukuvala ukushintshela kwisigungu esincane.
6. Izingcingo zezingcingo
Uma kudingeke ukuthi kulinganiswe ukulinganisa, ukubhekisela kwegazi okuyaziwayo kuyadingeka njalo. Izikhombisi ze-voltage zivela ezinambithekwaneni ezimbalwa namafomu wefomu kanye nezicelo ezingacacile kakhulu ngisho noma isahlukanisi sezintambo eziphikisayo singahlinzeka ngokubhekisela okufanele.
7. Amandla kagesi
Yonke isifunda idinga amandla okusebenza okusebenzayo, kodwa izifunda eziningi zidinga izintambo eziningi ukuze zonke izinsimbi zisebenze. Ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ephakeme kumandla aphansi kuyinto elula esebenzisa ukubhekisela kwamandla okusebenza kwamandla aphansi kakhulu, noma abalawuli bamandla kagesi noma abaguquli be-dc-dc bangasetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifunayo. Uma ukuqhutshwa okuphezulu kuyadingeka kusuka emthonjeni ophansi we-voltage, i-dc-dc isinyathelo sokuguqula ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izintambo eziningi ezivamile kanye namazinga okushintsha amavolumu.
8. Umthombo wamanje
Ama-Voltages alula ukusebenzisana ngaphakathi kwesifunda, kodwa kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zikhona okwamanje okudingekayo njengokwenzwa okushisa okushisa okushisa noma ukulawula amandla okukhipha i-diode noma i-LED. Imithombo yamanje yenziwe kalula kusuka kwi-BJT elula noma i-MOSFET transistors, kanye nezinto ezimbalwa ezengeziwe zokubiza izindleko. Izinguquko zamandla aphezulu zamithombo yamanje zidinga izingxenye ezengeziwe futhi zidinga ukubunjwa okukhulu okuklanyelwe ukulawula ngokunembile nokuthembeka okwamanje.
9. Microcontroller
Cishe yonke imikhiqizo kagesi eyenziwe namuhla ine-microcontroller enhliziyweni yayo. Ngenkathi engeyona module elula yesifunda, ama-microcontrollers ahlinzeka ngesiteji esimisiwe sokwakha noma iyiphi inombolo yemikhiqizo. Ama-microcontroller amandla aphansi (ngokuvamile 8-bit) asebenzisa izinto eziningi kusuka ku-microwave yakho ukuya kubhulashi lakho lokuzuma ugesi. Ama-microcontroller amaningi asebenzayo asetshenziselwa ukulinganisela ukusebenza kwenjini yakho ngemoto ngokulawula i-fuel to air ratio ekamelweni lokushisa ngenkathi ephethe imisebenzi eminye ngesikhathi esisodwa.
10. Isivikelo se-ESD
Isici esivame ukukhohlwa somkhiqizo we-elektroniki ukufakwa kwe-ESD nokuvikelwa kwamandla. Uma amadivaysi asetshenziswa emhlabeni wangempela angafakwa ezinkingeni eziphakeme kakhulu ezingabangela amaphutha okusebenza futhi abonakale ngisho nokulimaza ama-chips (cabanga nge-ESD njengama-bolts ama-lightning bolts ahlasela i-microchip). Ngenkathi i-ESD ne-microchips yokuvikelwa kwamagesi okugcina ikhona, ukuvikelwa okuyisisekelo kunganikezwa nge-diener elula ehlelwe emibuthanweni ebucayi kwi-elekthronikhi, ikakhulukazi ekuqhumeni kwezimpawu ezibucayi futhi lapho amasignali angena khona noma aphume esiteshini ezweni langaphandle.