Amakhulu ezinhlelo ezihlukene zenethiwekhi zenzelwe ukusekela ukuxhumana phakathi kwamakhompyutha kanye nezinye izinhlobo zamadivaysi kagesi. Izikhombandlela ezibizwa ngokuthi imizila yimizila yimizi yezinhlelo zenethiwekhi ezivumela ukuthi i-computer routers ikhulumisane futhi ikwazi ukuthumela ithrekhi ngokuhlakanipha phakathi kwamanethiwekhi abo. Ama-protocols ahlongozwe ngezansi ngayinye anika amandla lokhu msebenzi obalulekile wama-routers kanye nokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi.
Indlela Izindinganiso Zokuthutha Zisebenza Ngayo
Yonke inqubo ye-network routing yenza imisebenzi emithathu eyisisekelo:
- ukutholakala - thola amanye ama-routers kunethiwekhi
- ukuphathwa komzila - gcina ithrekhi yazo zonke izindawo ezingenzeka (imiyalezo yenethiwekhi) kanye nedatha ethile echaza indlela yendlela ngayinye
- indlela yokuzimisela - yenza izinqumo ezinamandla lapho ungathumela khona umlayezo ngamunye wenethiwekhi
Izinqubo ezimbalwa zokuhamba ngezinhlelo (ezibizwa ngokuthi izixhumanisi zombuso womxhumanisi ) zenza umzila ukuthi wakhe futhi ulandelele ibalazwe eligcwele lazo zonke izixhumanisi zenethiwekhi esifundeni kanti amanye (okuthiwa ama- protocols ebanga elide) avumela i-routers ukuthi isebenze ngolwazi oluncane mayelana nendawo yenethiwekhi.
01 ka 05
RIP
Abacwaningi bahlakulele i- Routing Information Protocol eminyakeni yama-1980 ukuze basebenzise kumanethiwekhi amancane angaphakathi noma aphakathi ahlobene ne-intanethi yokuqala. I-RIP iyakwazi ukuhambisa imiyalezo kumanethiwekhi kuze kufike kuma- hops angu-15.
Ama-routers anikwe amandla a-RIP athola inethiwekhi ngokuthumela kuqala umlayezo ocela amatafula we-router kumadivayisi angomakhelwane. Ama-router omakhelwane asebenzisa i-RIP aphendule ngokuthumela amatafula ajwayelekile wokubuyela emuva kumfakisicelo, lapho umceli elandela i-algorithm ukuhlanganisa zonke lezi zibuyekezo etafuleni lakhe. Ngezikhathi ezihleliwe, abahamba nge-RIP bahambisa ngezikhathi ezithile amatafula abo omgwaqo kumakhelwane babo ukuze noma yikuphi ushintsho lungasakazeka kulo lonke inethiwekhi.
I-RIP yendabuko isekelwa amanethiwekhi we-IPv4 kuphela kodwa izinga elisha le-RIPng lisekela ne- IPv6 . I-RIP isebenzisa noma yiziphi izindiza ze- UDP 520 noma 521 (RIPng) zokuxhumana kwayo.
02 ka 05
OSPF
Vula indlela emfushane kakhulu Ukuqala kwadalwa ukunqoba ukulinganiselwa kwayo kwe-RIP kuhlanganise
- umkhawulo wokubala we-hop
- ukungakwazi ukuhlela amanethiwekhi abe yizikhundla zokubheka, okubalulekile ukuphatha nokusebenza kumanethiwekhi amakhulu angaphakathi
- i-spikes ephawulekayo yethrafikhi yenethiwekhi eyenziwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthumela amatafula e-router egcwele ngezikhathi ezihleliwe.
Njengoba igama liphakamisa, i-OSPF iyizinga elivulekile lomphakathi elithandwayo ngokusakazwa kuwo wonke amathengisi embonini. Ama-routers anikwe amandla we-OSPF athola inethiwekhi ngokuthumela imilayezo yokuhlonza komunye nomunye ilandelwe imilayezo ethatha izinto ezithile zokuhambisa esikhundleni setafula lonke lokuhamba. Yiyona kuphela isixhumanisi esivumelanisa isimo se-state esilandelwa kulolu hlu.
03 ka 05
I-EIGRP ne-IGRP
I-Cisco ithuthukise uhlelo lwe- intanethi ye-Gateway Routing Protocol njengenye indlela eya ku-RIP. I- IGRP Enhanced Entsha (i-EIGRP) yenza i-IGRP ingasebenzi manje kusukela ngo-1990. I-EIGRP isekela ama- subnets angenakuthola we- IP futhi ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwemigomo yokuqapha ngokuqhathaniswa ne-IGRP endala. Ayisekeli ama-hierarchy routing, njenge-RIP. Ekudalweni ekuqaleni njengeprothokholi ye-proprietary ekwaziwa kuphela kumadivayisi womndeni wakwa-Cisco. I-EIGRP yenzelwe imigomo yokucushwa okulula nokusebenza kangcono kune-OSPF.
04 ka 05
I-IS-IS
Isistimu ephakathi kuya kwi-Intermediate System protocol isebenza ngokufanayo ne-OSPF. Ngenkathi i-OSPF iba yinto ethandwa kakhulu, i-IS-IS ihlala isetshenziswe kabanzi ngabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo abaye bazuza kulokhu okulandelwayo okukwazi ukuvumelanisa kalula nezimo zabo ezikhethekile. Ngokungafani nezinye izinkambiso zalesi sigaba, i-IS-IS ayisebenzisi i- Inthanethi Protocol (i-IP) futhi isebenzisa uhlelo layo lokukhuluma.
05 ka 05
I-BGP ne-EGP
I- Protocol Gateway Protocol (Protocol Border Gateway Protocol) i-Intanethi yangaphandle ye-External Gateway Protocol (EGP). I-BGP ithola ukuguqulwa kwamatafula okuhambisa futhi ikhulume ngokukhetha lezo zinguquko kwamanye ama-routers ngaphezulu kwe-TCP / IP .
Abahlinzeki be-intanethi bavame ukusebenzisa i-BGP ukujoyina amanethiwekhi wabo ndawonye. Ukwengeza, ibhizinisi elikhulu ngezinye izikhathi futhi lisebenzisa i-BGP ukujoyina ndawonye amanethiwekhi amaningi angaphakathi. Abaqeqeshiwe babheka i-BGP inselelo kunazo zonke kuzo zonke izivumelwano zokuhamba ukuze zikwazi ukuqonda ngenxa yokubunjwa kwayo.