Konke okudingeka ukwazi ngeHTTP
I-HTTP (i-Hypertext Transfer Protocol) inikeza indinganiso yeprotocol yenethiwekhi ukuthi iziphequluli zewebhu nezinsizakalo zisetshenziselwe ukuxhumana. Kulula ukuqaphela lokhu uma uvakashela iwebhusayithi ngoba kubhalwe ngqo ku- URL (isib http: // www. ).
Le protocol ifana nabanye abafana ne- FTP kulokhu okusetshenziselwa uhlelo lweklayenti ukucela amafayela kusuka kuseva elikude. Endabeni ye-HTTP, ngokuvamile isiphequluli sewebhu esicela amafayela e-HTML avela kwi-web server, okubekwayo kuboniswa kusiphequluli ngemibhalo, izithombe, ama-hyperlink, njll.
I-HTTP yiyona ebizwa ngokuthi "uhlelo olungenamthetho." Lokho kusho ukuthi ngokungafani nezinye izivumelwano zokudlulisa ifayela njengeFTP , uxhumano lwe-HTTP luye lwayeka uma isicelo senziwe. Ngakho, uma isiphequluli sakho sewebhu sithumela isicelo futhi iseva isabela ngekhasi, uxhumano luvaliwe.
Njengoba isiphequluli sewebhu esikhulu siphelele ku-HTTP, ungakwazi ukuthayipha igama lesizinda kuphela futhi ube nesiphequluli ngokuzenzekelayo ugcwalise ingxenye "http: //".
Umlando we-HTTP
UTim Berners-Lee wadala i-HTTP yokuqala ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 njengengxenye yomsebenzi wakhe ekuchazeni i- World Wide Web yokuqala. Izinguqulo ezintathu eziyinhloko zazihanjiswa kabanzi phakathi nawo-1990:
- I-HTTP 0.9 (yokwesekwa kwemibhalo eyisisekelo ye-hypertext)
- I-HTTP 1.0 (izandiso zokusekela amawebhusayithi acebile nokusabalalisa)
- I-HTTP 1.1 (ithuthukiswe ukubhekana nokulinganiselwa kokusebenza kwe-HTTP 1.0, echazwe kwi-Inthanethi RFC 2068)
Inguqulo yakamuva, i-HTTP 2.0, yaba yindinganiso evunyelwe ngo-2015. Igcina ukuhambisana okulandelayo emuva kwe-HTTP 1.1 kodwa inikeza izithuthukisi ezengeziwe zokusebenza.
Ngenkathi i-HTTP ejwayelekile engabhalisi ukuthunyelwa kwe-traffic enenethiwekhi, izinga le-HTTPS lakhiwe ukwengeza ukubethela ku-HTTP ngokusebenzisa (kwasekuqaleni) I- Secure Sockets Layer (i-SSL) noma (kamuva) Ukuphepha Kwendlela Yokuthutha (TLS).
Indlela i-HTTP isebenza ngayo
I-HTTP yindlela yokwelulwa kwesicelo esakhiwe phezulu kwe- TCP esebenzisa imodeli yokuxhumana yamakhasimende-iseva . Amakhasimende we-HTTP namaseva axhumana ngesicelo se-HTTP nemilayezo yokuphendula. Izinhlobo ezintathu zomlayezo omkhulu we-HTTP zi-GET, POST, ne-HEAD.
- Imibiko ye- HTTP GET ethunyelwe kwiseva iqukethe i- URL kuphela . Imingcele yedatha ye-Zero noma ngaphezulu ingase ihlanganiswe kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-URL. Iseva iqhuba ingxenye yedatha yokuzikhethela ye-URL, uma ikhona futhi ibuyisa umphumela (ikhasi lewebhu noma isici sekhasi lewebhu) kusiphequluli.
- Imilayezo ye- HTTP POST inika noma yimiphi imingcele yedatha yokuzikhethela emzimbeni womlayezo wesicelo kunokuba uwengeze ekupheleni kwe-URL.
- Isicelo se- HTTP HEAD sisebenza ngokufanayo nezicelo ze-GET. Esikhundleni sokuphendula ngokugcwele okuqukethwe kwe-URL, iseva ibuyisela emuva kuphela imininingwane yolwazi (equkethwe ngaphakathi kwesigaba se-HTML).
Isiphequluli siqala ukuxhumana nesiphakeli se-HTTP ngokuqala uxhumano lwe-TCP kuseva. Izikhathi zokuphequlula iwebhu zisebenzisa i-port port 80 ngokuzenzakalelayo nakuba ezinye izikhumulo ezinjenge-8080 ngezinye izikhathi zisetshenziselwa esikhundleni.
Uma iseshini isungulwe, umsebenzisi uqala ukuthumela nokwamukela kwemiyalezo ye-HTTP ngokuvakashela ikhasi lewebhu.
Izinkinga Nge-HTTP
Imilayezo edluliselwa ngaphezu kwe-HTTP ingakwazi ukuhluleka ukuhanjiswa ngempumelelo ngezizathu eziningana:
- iphutha lomsebenzisi
- ukungasebenzi kahle kwesiphequluli sewebhu noma iseva yewebhu
- amaphutha ekusungulweni kwamakhasi ewebhu
- izigcawu zenethiwekhi yesikhashana
Uma lokhu kwehluleka kwenzeka, le protocol ithatha imbangela yokuhluleka (uma kungenzeka) futhi ibika ikhodi yephutha emuva kusiphequluli esibizwa ngokuthi umugqa wendawo / ikhodi ye-HTTP . Amaphutha aqala ngenombolo ethile ukukhombisa ukuthi yiliphi iphutha.
Isibonelo, amaphutha angu-4xx abonisa ukuthi isicelo sekhasi asikwazi ukugcwaliswa kahle noma ukuthi isicelo siqukethe i- syntax engalungile. Isibonelo, amaphutha angu-404 asho ukuthi ikhasi alitholakali; amanye amawebhusayithi ayenamakhasi angalungile angokwezifiso ezingu-404 .