Ukuhlanganisa izingcezu zomzimba womnethiwekhi wekhompyutha ngokwayo akuwanele ukwenza ukuthi amadivaysi axhunyiwe osebenzayo adinga indlela yokuxhumana. Lezi zilimi zokuxhumana zibizwa ngokuthi izivumelwano zenethiwekhi .
Inhloso Yezinhlelo Zokuxhumana
Ngaphandle kwezivumelwano, amadivaysi ayengeke abe namandla okuqonda izimpawu zobuchwepheshe abazithumela komunye nomunye phezu kokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi. Izivumelwano zenethiwekhi zisebenza ngalezi zinto eziyisisekelo:
- idatha yedatha kumamukeli ofanele (s)
- ukudlulisa idatha kusuka emthonjeni ukuya endaweni, ngokuvikelwa kokuvikeleka uma kudingeka
- thola imiyalezo bese uthumela izimpendulo ngendlela efanele
Cabangela ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwezivumelwano zenethiwekhi nendlela isevisi yokuposa iphatha ngayo iposi leposi. Njengoba nje inkonzo yeposi ilawula izincwadi ezivela emithonjeni eminingi nasezindaweni eziningi, ngakho ukwenza izintambo zenethiwekhi kugcina idatha egeleza ngezindlela eziningi ngokuqhubekayo. Ngokungafani ne-mail yangokomzimba, noma kunjalo, izivumelwano zenethiwekhi zinikezela ngamakhono afinyeleleko okufana nokuletha ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwemilayezo eya endaweni eyodwa (ebizwa ngokusakaza ) bese wenza ngokuzenzakalelayo amakhophi womlayezo futhi uyithumela ezindaweni eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa (esibizwa ngokuthi ukusakazwa ).
Uhlobo Olujwayelekile Lwezinhlelo Zokuxhumana
Ayikho iprotocol ekhona exhasa zonke izici zonke izinhlobo zezinhlelo zenethiwekhi yekhompyutha . Izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlelo zenethiwekhi zakhiwe ngaphezu kweminyaka, ngamunye ezama ukusekela izinhlobo ezithile zokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi. Izici ezintathu eziyisisekelo ezihlukanisa uhlobo olulodwa lweprotocol oluvela kolunye luyi:
1. i- simplex vs. i-duplex . Ukuxhumeka kwe-simplex kuvumela idivayisi eyodwa kuphela ukuthi idlulisele kunethiwekhi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi ye-duplex kuvumela amadivaysi kokubili ukuthi adlulise futhi athole idatha ku-link efanayo ngokomzimba.
2. ukuxhumeka kokuxhumeka noma okungaxhunyiwe . Ama-exchange-oriented protocol transchanges (inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i- handshake ) ulwazi lwamakheli phakathi kwamadivayisi amabili avumela ukuba baqhube ingxoxo (ebizwa ngokuthi iseshini ) nomunye nomunye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlelo zokuxhumeka ezingenayo uxhumano luletha imilayezo ngayinye kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye ngaphandle kokubheka noma yimiphi imilayezo efanayo ehanjiswe ngaphambili noma ngemuva (futhi ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi imilayezo iyatholakala ngisho nangempumelelo).
3. ungqimba . Izivumelwano zenethiwekhi zivame ukusebenza ndawonye ngamaqembu (abizwa ngokuthi izigxobo ngoba imidwebo ngokuvamile ibonisa izivumelwano njengamabhokisi ahlanganiswe phezulu). Amanye ama-protocol asebenza ngaphansi kwezingxenye ezincane ezihlobene eduze nokuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zekholishi engenantambo noma yenethiwekhi zisebenza kanjani. Abanye basebenza emigqeni ephakeme ehlobene nendlela izinhlelo zokusebenza zenethiwekhi zisebenza ngayo, futhi ezinye zisebenza ezingxenyeni eziphakathi phakathi.
I-Internet Protocol Family
Izindlela zokuxhumana zenethiwekhi ezivame kakhulu ukusetshenziswa komphakathi zingezomndeni we- Inthanethi Protocol (IP) . I-IP yona ngokwayo iprotocol esebenzayo eyenza ikhaya namanye amanethiwekhi wendawo yonkana kwi-intanethi ukuxhumana nomunye nomunye.
I-IP isebenza kahle ngokuhambisa imiyalezo ngayinye kusuka kunethiwekhi eyodwa kuya kwenye kodwa ayisekeli umqondo wengxoxo (uxhumano lapho umlayezo wemilayezo ungahamba khona noma kokubili izinkomba). I- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ihlanganisa i-IP nalolu lwazi oluphezulu lwezinqamu, futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukuxhumeka kwephuzu-kuya-iphuzu kubalulekile kuyi-intanethi, lezi zivumelwano ezimbili zivame ukuhlanganiswa ndawonye futhi zaziwa njenge-TCP / IP.
Kokubili i-TCP ne-IP isebenza emigqeni ephakathi kwenqwaba yeprotocol yenethiwekhi. Izicelo ezidumile kwi-Inthanethi ngezinye izikhathi ziye zafaka ama-protocol azo ngaphezulu kwe-TCP / IP. I-HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) isetshenziselwa iziphequluli zewebhu kanye namaseva emhlabeni jikelele. I-TCP / IP, nayo, igijima phezulu kwamathuluzi enethiwekhi wezinga eliphansi njenge- Ethernet . Ezinye iziphakamiso zenethiwekhi ezithandwayo kumndeni we-IP zihlanganisa i- ARP , i- ICMP , ne- FTP .
I-Network Network Protocols Sebenzisa AmaPhakethe
I-intanethi kanye namanye amanethiwekhi amanethiwekhi asebenza ngokuhlela idatha ngezicucu ezincane okuthiwa amaphakethe . Ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza kokuxhumana nokuthembeka, umlayezo ngamunye omkhulu othunyelwe phakathi kwamadivayisi amabili wenethiwekhi ngokuvamile uhlukaniswe ngamaphakethe amancane yi-hardware ne-software engaphansi. Lezi zinethiwekhi zokushintshwa kwamaphakethe zidinga amaphakethe ukuze ahlelwe ngezindlela ezithile ngokuvumelana nezinhlelo ezisekela inethiwekhi. Le ndlela isebenza kahle ngobuchwepheshe bamanethiwekhi anamuhla njengoba lawa onke asingatha idatha ngendlela yezinkinobho kanye ne-bytes (idijithali '1 ne'0s').
Inqubo ngayinye yenethiwekhi ichaza imithetho yokuthi amaphakethe ayo yedatha kufanele ahlelwe kanjani (afakwe). Ngenxa yokuthi izivumelwano ezifana ne-Intanethi ye-Inthanethi zivame ukusebenzisana ndawonye, ezinye idatha ezihlanganisiwe ngaphakathi kwepakethe ezifomathiwe yinye protocol ingaba ngesimo seprotocol ethile ehlobene (indlela ebizwa nge- encapsulation ).
Ama-protocols ngokuvamile ahlukanisa iphakethe ngayinye ezingxenyeni ezintathu- ikhanda , ukulayishwa , nokuhamba ngezinyawo . (Ezinye i-protocol, njenge-IP, azisebenzisi izinyawo.) Ama-header and headers aqukethe ulwazi lwengqondo oludingekayo ukusekela inethiwekhi, kufaka phakathi amakheli amadivaysi wokuthumela nokwamukela, kuyilapho ukulayishwa kokukhokha kuqukethe idatha yangempela ezosakazwa. Izihloko noma izinyawo zivame ukufaka idatha ethile ekhethekile ukusiza ukuthuthukisa ukuthembeka nokusebenza kokuxhumeka kwenethiwekhi, njengokubala okugcina ithrekhi yombhalo lapho imiyalezo ithunyelwe khona kanye nama- checksums ezisiza izinhlelo zokusebenza zenethiwekhi ukuthi zithole inkohlakalo noma idatha.
Yeka ukuthi amadivaysi enethiwekhi asebenzisa kanjani amaProtocol
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zamadivayisi wenethiwekhi zibandakanya ukusekelwa okuzakhelwe ngaphakathi kwamaphrothokhodi enethiwekhi yezinga eliphezulu. Zonke izinhlelo zesistimu zekhompuyutha zekhompuyutha zanamuhla zisekela kokubili i-Ethernet ne-TCP / IP, isibonelo, kuyilapho ama-smartphones amaningi asekela i- Bluetooth namaphrothokhi kusuka kumndeni we-Wi-Fi. Lezi zivumelwano zixhuma ekuxhumaneni kwangaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yedivayisi, njengamachwebeni ayo e- Ethernet ne-Wi-Fi noma ama-radios e-Bluetooth.
Izinhlelo zenethiwekhi, nazo, zisekela izivumelwano ezisezingeni eliphakeme ezikhuluma nesistimu yokusebenza. Isiphequluli sewebhu, isibonelo, sikwazi ukuhumusha amakheli afana ne- http: // / amaphakethe we-HTTP aqukethe idatha edingekayo ukuthi i-Web server ingayithola futhi iphinde ibuyisele ikhasi lewebhu elifanele. Idivaysi eyamukelayo inesibopho sokuhlanganisa kabusha amaphakethe emlayezo wokuqala, ngokuqeda amakhanda kanye nezinyawo futhi ukufaka amaphakethe ngokulandelana okulungile.