I-Sysklogd inikeza izinsizakalo ezimbili zesevisi ezinikezela ukusekela uhlelo lokungena ngemvume nokulayishwa komlayezo we-kernel. Ukusekelwa kokubili kokusekela kwe-intanethi kanye ne- unix kwenza leli phasela lesevisi lisekele kokubili ukungena ngemvume kwendawo nokude.
Ukufakwa kwesistimu kunikezwa nguqulo ye- syslogd (8) etholakala esitokisini imithombo ye-BSD. Ukwesekwa kwe-kernel logging kunikezwa yinkampani ye- klogd (8) evumela ukuthi ukungena ngemvume kwe-kernel kuqhutshwe ngendlela ye-standalone noma njengeklayenti ye-syslogd.
I-Syslogd inikeza uhlobo lokungena ngemvume ukuthi izinhlelo eziningi zanamuhla zisebenzisa. Wonke umlayezo olandelwe uqukethe okungenani isikhathi nendawo yenkampu yesibamba, ngokujwayelekile insimu yegama lenqubo, futhi, kodwa lokho kuxhomeke ekutheni uhlelo lokungena ngemvume luthembekile kangakanani.
Ngenkathi imithombo ye- syslogd ishintshwe kakhulu amanothi ambalwa akhona. Okokuqala kube khona umzamo ohleliwe wokuqinisekisa ukuthi syslogd ilandela okuzenzakalelayo, ukuziphatha standard BSD. Umqondo wesibili obalulekile okumele uqaphele ukuthi le nguqulo ye-syslogd ixhumana ngokungafani nenguqulo ye-syslog etholakala emitatsheni ejwayelekile. Uma i-kanambambili exhumene nemilayibrari ehlanganyelwe ejwayelekile ehluleka ukusebenza ngendlela efanele singathanda isibonelo sezenzo ezimbi.
Ifayela eliyisisekelo lokucushwa /etet/syslog.conf noma ifayela elihlukile, elinikezwe nge-- f inketho, lifundwa ekuqaleni. Noma yimaphi imigqa eqala ngombala we-hash (`` # '') nemigqa engenalutho ayinaki. Uma kwenzeka iphutha ngenkathi kuhlaziywa wonke umugqa kunganakwa.
Isiqubulo
i-syslogd [ -yesikhwama ] [ -d ] [ -f ifayela lokufaka ] [ -h ] [ -l ubulungu be-host ] Isikhathi se- [ -m ] [ -n ] [ -p socket ] [ -r ] [ -s uhlu lwamagama ] [ - v ] [ -x ]
Izinketho
-i- socket
Ukusebenzisa le mpikiswano ungacacisa amasokhethi angeziwe avela kuleyo syslogd okumele ilalele. Lokhu kuyadingeka uma uzovumela i-daemon ethile isebenze ngaphakathi kwemvelo ye-chroot (). Ungasebenzisa izihlalo ezengeziwe ezingu-19. Uma indawo yakho idinga okungaphezulu, kufanele ukwandise uphawu lwe- MAXFUNIX ngaphakathi kwefayela le source syslogd.c. Isibonelo se-chroot () daemon sichazwa ngabantu abavela ku-OpenBSD ku-http: //www.psionic.com/papers/dns.html.
-d
Ivula imodi yokulungisa iphutha. Ukusebenzisa lokhu i-daemon ngeke iqhubeke ifomu (2) ukuzibeka ngemuva, kodwa ngokuphambene nalokhu kuhlale ngaphambili futhi ubhale imininingwane eminingi yokulungisa iphutha kwi-tty yamanje. Bheka isigaba se-DEBUGGING ngolwazi oluthe xaxa.
-f ifayela le-config
Cacisa enye ifayela lokumisa esikhundleni se /etet/syslog.conf , okuyiyona ezenzakalelayo.
-h
Nge-default syslogd ngeke ithumele imilayezo ithola kusuka kubanikazi abade. Ukucacisa lokhu kushintshana emgqeni womyalo kuzobangela i-daemon yelogi ukuthi ithumele noma yimiphi imilayezo eyikude eyamukelayo ekuthumeleleni izithasiselo ezichazwe.
-l isakhiwo sabasebenzi
Cacisa igama lomninimzi okufanele lilandelwe kuphela ngegama layo le-host host futhi hhayi i-fqdn. Izimpendulo eziningi zingacaciswa ngokusebenzisa i-colon (``: '') ihlukanisi.
-m isikhathi
I- syslogd igoba isitembu samatembu njalo. Isikhathi esizenzakalelayo phakathi kwamabili - imigqa EMARK - imizuzu engu-20. Lokhu kungashintshwa ngale ndlela. Ukubeka i- interval kuya ku-zero kuyayivala ngokuphelele.
-n
Gwema ukuhlela okuzenzakalelayo. Lokhu kudinga ikakhulukazi uma i- syslogd iqalwa futhi ilawulwa yi- init (8).
-p isokhethi
Ungacacisa esinye isikhwama sesizinda se-unix esikhundleni se / dev / log .
-r
Lolu khetho luzokwenza ukuthi indawo ithole umlayezo osuka kunethiwekhi usebenzisa isoksizinda se-intanethi nensizakalo ye-syslog (bheka (5)). Okuzenzakalelayo ukungamukeli noma yimiphi imilayezo evela kwinethiwekhi.
Lolu khetho luqaliswa ku-version 1.3 yephakheji ye-sysklogd. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ukuziphatha okuzenzakalelayo okuphambene nendlela izinguqulo ezindala eziziphatha ngayo, ngakho-ke kungadingeka ukuthi uvule lokhu.
-luhlu lwasizinda
Cacisa igama lesizinda okufanele lihlulwe ngaphambi kokungena ngemvume. Izizinda eziningi zingacaciswa ngokusebenzisa i-colon (``: '') ihlukanisi. Sicela uxwayiswe ukuthi ayikho izizinda ezincane ezingacaciswa kodwa zonke izizinda. Isibonelo uma -s north.de icacisiwe futhi ukungena ngemvume kokungena kuzongena ku-satu.infodrom.north.de akukho sizinda esizosikwa, kuzomele ucacise izizinda ezimbili ezifana: -s north.de:infodrom.north.de .
-v
Inguqulo yokuphrinta bese uphuma.
-x
Khubaza i-lookups yegama lapho uthola imilayezo eyikude. Lokhu kugwema i-deadlocks uma i-nameserver isebenza kumshini ofanayo ogijima i-syslog daemon.
Izimpawu
I-Syslogd iphendula ngesethi yamasignali. Ungathumela kalula isignali ku- syslogd usebenzisa lokhu okulandelayo:
bulala -SIGNAL `cat / var / run / syslogd.pid`Sighup
Lokhu kuvumela syslogd ukwenza ukuqala kabusha. Wonke amafayela avuliwe avaliwe, ifayela lokucushwa (okuzenzakalelayo yi /etc/syslog.conf ) lizophinde libuye futhi isistimu ye - syslog (3) iqale futhi.
SIGTERM
I- syslogd izofa.
SIGINT , SIGQUIT
Uma ukulungisa iphutha kunikwe amandla lokhu kungabanjwanga, kungenjalo syslogd izofa.
I-SIGUSR1
Shintsha ukulungisa noma ukuvala. Lolu khetho lungasetshenziswa kuphela uma i- syslogd iqalwa ngethotho yoku- debug.
SIGCHLD
Lindela izingane uma abanye bezalwa, ngenxa yemilayezo ye-wall'ing.
Ifayela lokuhlela i-Syntax umehluko
I-Syslogd isebenzisa i-syntax ehlukile ngefayela layo yokucubungula kunemithombo yokuqala ye-BSD. Ekuqaleni yonke imilayezo yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu nangaphezulu yayithunyelwe efayeleni lelogi.
Isibonelo, umugqa olandelayo ubangele konke okukhiphayo kusuka kumademoni ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo ze-daemon (ukuhlukunyezwa kuyinto ephansi kunazo zonke, ngakho konke okuphakemeyo kuzokufanisa) ukungena ku / usr / adm / ademem :
# Isampula syslog.conf daemon.debug / usr / adm / amademoniNgaphansi kohlelo olusha, lo mkhuba uhlala ufana. Umehluko ukufakwa kwamakhamuzi amane amasha, i-asterisk ( * ) ye-wildcard, isibonakaliso sokulinganisa ( = ), uphawu lokumemeza ( ! ), Nesibonakaliso esincane ( - ).
I * ichaza ukuthi yonke imilayezo yesakhiwo esicacisiwe kufanele iqondiswe endaweni. Qaphela ukuthi le ndlela yokuziphatha iyancipha ngokucacisa izinga lokubaluleka kokuqala. Abasebenzisi baye babonisa ukuthi ukwaziswa kwe-asterisk kunembile.
I = i- wildcard isetshenziselwa ukukhawulela ukungena ngemvume ekilasini elibekiwe. Lokhu kuvumela, isibonelo, ukuhambisa kuphela imiyalezo yokuthungula umthombo othile wokungena ngemvume.
Isibonelo, umugqa olandelayo ku- syslog.conf uzoqondisa ukuthungula imiyalezo evela kuyo yonke imithombo kuya kufayili / usr / adm / debug .
# Isibonelo syslog.conf *. = Debug / usr / adm / debugI-The ! isetshenziselwa ukukhipha ukungena kwezinto ezibekwe kuqala. Lokhu kuthinta wonke amathuba (!) Okucacisa izinto ezibalulekile.
Isibonelo, imigqa elandelayo ingayibhala yonke imilayezo yesikhungo sendawo ngaphandle kwalabo abanolwazi oluphambili kwifayela / usr / adm / mail . Futhi yonke imilayezo evela ku-news.info (kufaka phakathi) kuya kwi-news.crit (engabandakanyi) izofakwa kwifayela / usr / adm / izindaba .
# Imeyili ye-syslog.conf. *; Imeyili.! = Info / usr / adm / mail news.info; izindaba.! Ukugxeka / usr / adm / izindabaUngayisebenzisa i-intuitively njenge-specifier yehlukile. Ukuchazwa okukhulunywe ngenhla kuqondiswa kalula. Ukwenza lokho ongayisebenzisa
imeyili.nonenoma
imeyili. *noma
mail.! ukuphumulaukweqa yonke imiyalezo efika ne-mail facility. Kunendawo enkulu yokudlala nayo. :-)
I-ingasetshenziselwa kuphela ukuqamba igama lefayela uma ufuna ukuyeka ukuvumelanisa ifayela emva kokubhalela kulo lonke.
Lokhu kungathatha ukuvumelanisa kwalabo bantu abasebenzisa ukuziphatha okuhlanzekile kwe-BSD kodwa abahloli baye babonisa ukuthi le syntax ishintsha kakhulu kune-BSD yokuziphatha. Qaphela ukuthi lezi zinguquko akufanele zithinte amafayela ejwayelekile we- syslog.conf (5). Kumelwe ushintshe ngokuqondile amafayela okucushwa ukuze uthole ukuziphatha okuthuthukisiwe.
Ukusekela i-Remote Logging
Lezi zinguquko zinikeza ukusekelwa kwenethiwekhi kwisikhungo se-syslogd. Ukwesekwa kwenethiwekhi kusho ukuthi imilayezo ingathunyelwa kusuka ku-node eyodwa eqhuba syslogd kwenye i-node esebenzayo i-syslogd lapho izobe ingene ngemvume kwifayela le disk.
Ukuze unike amandla lokhu kufanele ucacise i-- r inketho kumugqa womyalo. Ukuziphatha okuzenzakalelayo ukuthi syslogd ngeke ilalele inethiwekhi.
Isu kuwukuthi i-syslogd ilalele kusikingi se-unix yesizinda semilayezo ye-log eyenziwe endaweni. Lokhu kuziphatha kuzovumela i-syslogd ukuthi isebenzisane ne-syslog etholakala kumtapo wolwazi we-standard. Ngesikhathi esifanayo syslogd ulalela port syslog standard for imiyalezo ithunyelwe kusuka kwamanye amabutho. Ukuze ube nalo msebenzi ngokufanele amasevisi (5) amafayela (ngokuvamile atholakala / / njll ) kumele abe nalokhu okulandelayo:
syslog 514 / udpUma lokhu kungenayo kungekho syslogd futhi ngeke ukuthola imilayezo eyikude noma ukuyithumela, ngoba i-port ye-UDP ayivumelekile ukuvulwa. Esikhundleni salokho, i- syslogd izofa ngokushesha, iqhume umyalezo wephutha.
Ukwenza imilayezo idluliselwe kwenye i-host ishintsha umugqa ojwayelekile wefayela kwifayili ye- syslog.conf negama lomphathi lapho imiyalezo ezothunyelwa khona ihlelwe nge-@.
Isibonelo, ukudlulisela yonke imiyalezo kusiphathi esilawuli kude usebenzisa okulandelayo ukungena kwe- syslog.conf :
# Isampula yokumiswa kwe-syslogd kwimilayezo engu- # eya phambili ekudleni konke. *. * @hostnameUkudlulisela yonke imilayezo ye-kernel kumuntu ohlala kude ukuthi ifayela lokucushwa liyoba kanje:
# Ifayela lokumisa isampula ukuze uthumele yonke imilayezo ye-kernel # kumsingcele ode. kern. * @hostnameUma igama lesikhathi esikude lingakwazi ukuxazululwa ekuqaleni, ngoba igama-iseva angeke lifinyeleleke (lingase liqalwe ngemuva kwe-syslogd) akudingeki ukhathazeke. I-Syslogd izozama ukuxazulula igama izikhathi eziyishumi bese isikhalaza. Enye indlela yokugwema lokhu ukubeka igama lomninimzi ku / njll / amabamba .
Nge syslogd s evamile uzothola ama-syslog-loops uma uthumela imilayezo etholakele ukusuka kumakamu okude kuya kumphathi ofanayo (noma ngaphezulu okunzima kumsingathi wesithathu oyithumela emuva kokuqala, njalonjalo). Esizindeni sami (i-Infodrom Oldenburg) senze ngenye indlela futhi ama-disks ethu agcwele umyalezo owodwa owodwa. :-(
Ukuze ugweme lokhu ngezikhathi ezengeziwe akukho myalezo eyamukelwa kusuka kumakamu okude akuthunyelwe kwesinye (noma okufanayo) umphathi wesilawuli kude. Uma kunezimo lapho lokhu kungenzi umqondo, ngicela ungilahle (Joey) umugqa.
Uma ngabe umphathi wesilawuli esikude ukhona kusizinda esifanayo njenge-host, i- syslogd isebenza, kuphela igama lomninimzi elizobe lingene ngemvume esikhundleni se-fqdn yonke.
Enenethiwekhi yendawo ungase unikeze iseva yangaphakathi log ukuze yonke imininingwane ebalulekile igcinwe kumshini owodwa. Uma inethiwekhi iqukethe izizinda ezahlukene awudingi ukukhononda ngokungena ngemvume amagama aqeqeshiwe ngokugcwele esikhundleni sama-hostname alula. Ungase ufune ukusebenzisa isici se-strip-domain -s yale seva. Ungatshela i- syslogd ukukhipha izizinda eziningana ngaphandle kweyodwa iseva itholakale futhi i-log kuphela amagama abamba amagama.
Ukusebenzisa i-- l inketho kukhona futhi kungenzeka ukuchaza Amakhethi angabodwa njengemishini yendawo. Lokhu, futhi, kubangelwa ukungena ngemvume kuphela amagama abo alula futhi hhayi ama-fqdns.
Isikhwama se-UDP esetshenziselwa ukudlulisela imilayezo kuzivakashi ezikude noma ukuthola imilayezo evela kubo ivulwa kuphela uma kudingeka. Ukukhishwa ngaphambi kuka-1.3-23 kuvuliwe njalo kodwa akuvulelwe ukufunda noma ukudlulisa ngokulandelanayo.
Okushicilelwe kumibhobho ebizwa ngokuthi i-FIFOs
Le nguqulo ye-syslogd inezinsizakalo zokukhishwa kokungena ngemvume kumapayipi angamagama (ama-fifos). Iphayiphi e-fifo noma okuthiwa ingasetshenziswa njengendawo yokuthola imilayezo yegijimi ngokuzenzele uphawu lwe-pipy (`` | '') egameni lefayela. Lokhu kuyisilungele ukulungisa iphutha. Qaphela ukuthi i-fifo kumele idalwe ngomyalo we-mkfifo ngaphambi kokuba i-syslogd iqale.
Lezi zindlela zefayela zokumisa ezilandelayo zihlukumeza imilayezo kusuka ku-kernel kuya ku-fifo:
# Ukumiswa kwesampula ukuhambisa umyalezo we-kernel ukuhlukumeza # imilayezo KUPHELA ku- / usr / adm / debug okuyinto ipayipi ebizwa #. kern. = ukuhlukumeza | / usr / adm / debugUkufaka ukukhathazeka
Kukhona okunye okubalulekile okucatshangelwayo uma ufaka le nguqulo ye-syslogd. Le nguqulo ye-syslogd incike ekufomeni kahle kwemilayezo ngomsebenzi we-syslog. Ukusebenza komsebenzi we-syslog kulabhulali eyabelwe kushintshile kwenye indawo esifundeni se libc.so.4. [2-4] .n. Ushintsho oluthile lwukuthi lunganqamuli-ukuqeda umlayezo ngaphambi kokulidlulisela kwisikhwama / dev / log . Ukusebenza kahle kwalolu hlobo lwe-syslogd kuxhomeke ekuqedeni okungalungile komlayezo.
Le nkinga izozibonakalisa ngokwayo uma ama-binary endala ahlanganisiwe asetshenziswa ohlelweni. Ama-binaries usebenzisa izinguqulo ezindala zesistimu ye-syslog izobangela imigqa engenalutho ukuthi ingene ngemvume ilandelwe umlayezo onomlingisi wokuqala emlayezo osusiwe. Ukuqhathanisa lezi zinhlamvu eziguquguqukayo ezishintshayo zamatayitela okwabiwe kuzolungisa le nkinga.
Kokubili i- syslogd (8) ne- klogd (8) ingahle ibanjwe ku-init (8) noma iqalwe njengengxenye ye-rc. * Ukulandelana. Uma iqalwa ukusuka ku-init inketho -noma kufanele isethwe, ngaphandle kwalokho, uzothola amathani ama-syslog daemons aqala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i- init (8) incike kwi-ID yenqubo.
Izinsongo zokuphepha
Kukhona amandla okuthi i-syslogd daemon isetshenziswe njengendlela yokudonsa ukuhlaselwa kwenkonzo. Siyabonga kuJohn Morrison (jmorriso@rflab.ee.ubc.ca) ukuze angilungisele kulokhu okungenzeka. Uhlelo oluhle (olwandle) lwalukwazi kalula ukukhukhula i-syslogd daemon ngemilayezo ye-syslog eyenza amafayela welogi adle yonke indawo esele ohlelweni lwefayela . Ukugqugquzela ukungena kwi-soet yesizinda se-inet kuzokhipha isistimu engcupheni engaphandle kwezinhlelo noma ngabanye emshinini wendawo.
Kunezindlela eziningi zokuvikela umshini:
- Qalisa ukusebenza kwe-firewalling ukukhawulela ukuthi yiziphi iziphathimandla noma amanethiwekhi afinyelela ku-socket 514 / UDP.
- Ukungena ngemvume kungaqondiswa ohlelweni oluthile lwangaphandle noma oluyizimpande, uma lugcwele, ngeke luphazamise umshini.
- Uhlelo lwamafayela e-ext2 lungasetshenziswa ukuthi lungalungiswa ukukhawulela amaphesenti athile wesistimu efayili ukuze kusetshenziswe yizimpande kuphela. QAPHELA ukuthi lokhu kuzodinga ukuthi i-syslogd isebenze njengenqubo engeyona impande. KANYE QAPHELA ukuthi lokhu kuzokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kokungena ngemvume kude kusukela syslogd ngeke bakwazi ukubopha isixhumi 514 / UDP.
- Ukukhubaza amasokethi wesizinda we-inet kuzokhawulela ingozi kumshini wendawo.
- Sebenzisa isinyathelo sesi-4 futhi uma inkinga iqhubeka futhi engeyona yesibili ohlelweni / i-daemon elinamandla uthole u-3.5 ft (ubude be-1 meter) ubude benduku * bese uxoxisana nomsebenzisi obhekene naye. I-sucker induku ichaza. --- 3/4, 7/8 noma 1in. inkimbinkimbi yensimbi enzima, i-male eqoshiwe ekupheleni kwayo yonke. Ukusetshenziswa okuyisisekelo embonini yamafutha eNtshonalanga North Dakota nakwezinye izindawo ukupompa amafutha 'ancela' emithonjeni yamafutha. Ukusetshenziswa kwesibili kungokwakhiwa kwezinkampani zokondla izinkomo kanye nokubhekana nomuntu ohlala njalo noma obhekene nesibindi.
Ukuhlukumeza
Uma ukulungisa iphutha kuvuliwe ukusebenzisa-- d inketho ke syslogd izobe verbose ngokubhala okuningi lokho akwenzayo stdout. Njalo lapho ifayela lokumisa libuye libuye liphinde lihanjiswe uzobona ithebhulethi, ehambisana nesakhiwo sangaphakathi sedatha. Le tabular inezinkambu ezine:
inombolo
Le nsimu iqukethe inombolo ye-serial eqala ngo-zero. Leli nani limelela isimo kwisakhiwo sangaphakathi sedatha (isib. I-array). Uma inombolo eyodwa ishiywe ngaphandle kungenzeka kube nephutha emgqeni ohambelana ku /etc/syslog.conf .
iphethini
Le nsimu iyinkimbinkimbi futhi imele isakhiwo sangaphakathi ncamashi. Njalo ikholomu imele indawo (bhekani ku- syslog (3)). Njengoba ungabona, kusekhona ezinye izakhiwo ezishiywe mahhala ukuze zisetshenziswe ngaphambilini, kuphela ezisetshenziselwa kakhulu. Yonke insimu ekholomu imelela izinto eziza kuqala (bhekisa ku- syslog (3)).
isenzo
Le nsimu ichaza isenzo esithile esenzeka lapho kunomyalezo owamukelwe ofanayo nephethini. Bheka iphephandaba le- syslog.conf (5) lazo zonke izenzo ezingenzeka.
izingxabano
Le nsimba ibonisa izingxabano ezengeziwe ezenzweni ezisensimini yokugcina. Ifayela-ukungena lokhu yigama lokufaka igama lefayela; ngoba umsebenzisi-ukungena lokhu uhlu lwabasebenzisi; ngokungena okukude lokhu yigama lomphathi lomshini ongena ngemvume; for console-logging lena console esetshenzisiwe; Uku-tty-logging lokhu yi-tty ecacisiwe; udonga alukho izingqinamba ezengeziwe.
Bona futhi
Abahlanganyeli
I-Syslogd ithathwe emithonjeni ye-BSD, uGreg Wettstein (greg@wind.enjellic.com) wenza ichweba e- Linux , uMartin Schulze (joey@linux.de) walungisa ezinye izimbungulu futhi wanezela izici ezintsha ezintsha. I-Klogd ekuqaleni yabhalwa uSteve Lord (lord@cray.com), uGreg Wettstein wenza ngcono kakhulu.
UDkt Greg Wettstein
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinhlelo Zenjabulo
I-Oncology Research Division I-Computing Facility
I-Roger Maris Cancer Center
Fargo, ND
greg@wind.enjellic.com
UStephen Tweedie
Umnyango Wezesayensi Yezobuchwepheshe
I-Edinburgh University, eScotland
sct@dcs.ed.ac.uk
Juha Virtanen
jiivee@hut.fi
UShane Alderton
shane@ion.apana.org.au
UMartin Schulze
I-Infodrom Oldenburg
joey@linux.de
Okubalulekile: Sebenzisa umyalo womuntu ( % umuntu ) ukuze ubone ukuthi umyalo usetshenziswe kanjani kukhompyutha yakho ethile.
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