Isifundo 1
Ukuze uvikele kangcono ikhompyutha yakho yasekhaya noma inethiwekhi yekhaya kusiza uma unolwazi olusisekelo lokuthi lusebenza kanjani ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda ukuthi yini okuqinisekisayo nalokho. Lokhu kuzoba ngowokuqala ochungechungeni lwezingxenye ezingu-10 ukusiza ukunikeza ukubuka kabanzi kwemigomo kanye nobuchwepheshe obusetshenzisiwe kanye namanye amathiphu, amacebo, amathuluzi namasu ongawasebenzisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhompyutha yakho iphephile.
Okokuqala, ngifuna ukunikeza ukuqonda ukuthi yiziphi lezi zimiso ukuze uma ufunda ngekhodi yakamuva enonya esakaza nge- intanethi futhi ukuthi ingena kanjani futhi ifinyelele ikhompyutha yakho uzokwazi ukucacisa imigomo ye-techie futhi unqume uma lokhu kukuthinta wena noma ikhompyutha yakho nokuthi yiziphi izinyathelo ongayenza noma okufanele uzithathe ukuze uzivimbele. Ngengxenye 1 yalolu chungechunge sizohlanganisa Ama-Host, DNS, ISPs kanye ne-Backbone.
Igama lemphathi lingase lidideke ngoba linezincazelo eziningi ezweni lekhompyutha. Isetshenziselwa ukuchaza ikhompyutha noma iseva enikeza amakhasi ewebhu. Kulo mongo kuthiwa ikhompyutha ibamba isayithi. I-host isetshenziselwa ukuchaza izinkampani ezivumela abantu ukuthi bahlanganyele i-hardware yesiphakeli ne-inthanethi ukuxhuma lokhu njengesevisi kunokuba yonke inkampani noma umuntu athenge yonke imishini yakhe.
Umsingathi kumongo wekhompyutha ku-inthanethi uchazwa njenganoma yimuphi ikhompyutha onokuxhumana okubukhoma ne-intanethi. Wonke amakhompyutha e-intanethi ahlotshanana. Bonke bangasebenza njengezinsizakalo noma njengamakhasimende. Ungasebenzisa isayithi kwikhompyutheni yakho kalula njengoba ungasebenzisa ikhompyutha yakho ukubuka amasayithi wewebhu kusuka kwamanye amakhompyutha. I-intanethi ayikho nje kuphela inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yabasebusika ekhuluma ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ukubukeka ngale ndlela, wonke amakhompyutha, noma amabutho, ku-intanethi alingana.
Umnikazi ngamunye unelungelo eliyingqayizivele elifana nendlela ekhuluma ngayo emgwaqweni. Ngeke kusebenze ukuthumela nje incwadi kuJoe Smith. Kumele futhi unikeze ikheli lomgwaqo- isibonelo 1234 Main Street. Noma kunjalo, kungase kube khona okungaphezu kweyodwa ku-1234 Street Main emhlabeni, ngakho-ke kufanele futhi unikeze umuzi- Anytown. Mhlawumbe kukhona uJohn Smith ku-1234 Main Street e-Anytown ezingeni elilodwa-ngakho-ke kufanele wengeze lokho ekhelini kanye. Ngale ndlela, uhlelo lweposi lungasebenza emuva ukuze uthole i-imeyili ibe khona endaweni efanele. Okokuqala bayifinyelela esimweni esifanele, bese befika edolobheni elungile, bese beya kumuntu oletha ukulungiswa ku-1234 Main Street futhi ekugcineni kuJoe Smith.
E-Intanethi, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ikheli lakho le-IP (i-Internet protocol). Ikheli le-IP lakhiwe ngamabhuloki amane wezinombolo ezintathu phakathi kuka-0 no-255. Amakheli ahlukene ekheli le-IP anenkampani ezahlukene noma i-ISP (abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo ze-Inthanethi). Ngokumisa ikheli le-IP kungabhalwa kumuntu ophethe kahle. Okokuqala kuya kumnikazi walolu hlu lwamakheli futhi kungahle luhlungwe kulelo kheli elihlosiwe.
Ngingaqamba ikhompyutha yami Ikhompyutha yami, kodwa ayikho indlela engingazi ngayo ukuthi bangaki abanye abantu abaqamba ikhompyutha yami Ikhompyutheni yami ngakho ngeke isebenze ukuzama ukuthumela ukuxhumana kwiKhompyutha Yami ngaphandle kokukhuluma incwadi nje kuJoe Smith zithunyelwe kahle. Ngamamiliyoni wezintandokazi ku-Inthanethi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba abasebenzisi bakhumbule amakheli webhusayithi ngalinye noma abathintekayo abafuna ukuxhumana nabo noma kunjalo, ngakho-ke uhlelo lwadalwa ukuze abasebenzisi bafinyelele amasayithi ngokusebenzisa amagama okulula ukuwakhumbula.
I-intanethi isebenzisa i- DNS (isimiso segama lesizinda) ukuhumusha igama ekhelini layo le-IP langempela ukuhambisa kahle ukuxhumana. Ngokwesibonelo, ungangena nje ku-yahoo.com kwisiphequluli sakho sewebhu. Lelo lwazi lithunyelwa kwiseva ye-DNS ehlola i-database yayo futhi ihumusha ikheli into enjenge-64.58.79.230 leyo amakhompyutha angawaqonda futhi asetshenziselwe ukuthola ukuxhumana kulokho okuhlosiwe khona.
Amaseva e-DNS ahlakazekile kwi-intanethi kunokuba abe nedatha eyodwa, ephakathi. Lokhu kusiza ukuvikela i-Intanethi ngokungahlinzeki iphuzu elilodwa lokuhluleka okungathatha yonke into. Futhi kusiza ukusheshisa ukucubungula nokunciphisa isikhathi esithathayo sokuhumusha amagama ngokuhlukanisa umsebenzi phakathi kwamaseva amaningi nokubeka lawo maseva emhlabeni jikelele. Ngale ndlela, uthola ikheli lakho lihunyushwe kwiseva ye-DNS emakhilomitha wendawo yakho owabelana ngayo nabamakhompi ambalwa ambalwa kunokuba ukhulumisane nesigamu se-central central indlela emhlabeni jikelele ukuthi izigidi zabantu zizama ukusebenzisa.
I-ISP yakho (Umnikezeli Wesevisi Ye-Inthanethi) cishe inamaseva awo e-DNS. Kuye ngobukhulu be-ISP bangase babe neseva engaphezu kweyodwa ye-DNS futhi bangase bahlakazeke emhlabeni wonke kanye nezizathu ezifanayo okukhulunywe ngenhla. I-ISP inemishini futhi inomnikazi noma iqashisa imigqa yezokuxhumana ezidingekayo ukuze kutholakale ukuba khona kwi-intanethi. Kanti, banikeza ukufinyelela ngokusebenzisa imishini yabo kanye nemigqa yocingo lokuxhumana kubantu abasebenzisa imali.
Ama-ISP amakhulu kunawo wonke ama-conduits amakhulu e-intanethi okuthiwa yi-backbone. Yibone ngendlela indlela umgogodla owela ngayo emgodleni wakho bese wenza njengepayipi eliphakathi lokuxhumana ohlelweni lwakho lwezinzwa. Isistimu yakho yezinzwa igxila emigwaqweni encane kuze kube yilapho ifika ekupheleni komuntu ngamunye ngendlela efanayo nendlela igatsha lezokuxhumana le-Inthanethi elisuka emhlane kuya ezincane ze-ISP futhi ekugcineni phansi komuntu oyedwa ohlelweni enethiwekhi.
Uma kukhona okwenzeka kunye yezinkampani ezihlinzeka ngemigqa yezokuxhumana ezenza umgogodla ingathinta izingxenye ezinkulu ze-intanethi ngoba ama-ISP amaningi amancane abasebenzisa leyo ngxenye ye-backbone ayophazamiseka kanye.
Lesi singeniso kufanele sikwenze ukuqonda kangcono indlela i-intanethi ehlelwe ngayo nabanikezeli bezintambo ezinikezela ukufinyeleleka kokuxhumana kuma-ISPs abanikezela ukuthi ukufinyelela kwabasebenzisi ngabanye ofana nawe. Kufanele futhi ikusize ukuthi uqonde ukuthi ikhompyutha yakho ihlobanisa kanjani nezigidi zabanye abakwa-Hosting ku-Intanethi nokuthi uhlelo lwe-DNS lisetshenziselwa kanjani ukuhumusha amagama angasese-isiNgisi kumakheli angathunyelwa ezindaweni ezifanele. Esikhathini esilandelayo sizofaka i- TCPIP , i- DHCP , i- NAT namanye ama-acronyms omnandi we-intanethi.