Isendlalelo ngasinye sichazwe
I-Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Isibonelo
I- Open Systems Interconnection (i-OSI) imodeli ichaza uhlaka lokuxhumana ukuze luqalise izivumelwano ezinqabeni, nokulawula okudluliwe kusuka komunye ungqimba kuya kwesinye. Isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko njengethuluzi lokufundisa. Ihlukana ngokuhlukanisa i- computer network architecture ibe izendlalelo ezingu-7 ngokuqhubekayo okunengqondo. Izendlalelo ezingezansi zithinta izibonakaliso zikagesi, izingxenye zedatha kanambambili , nokuhlelwa kwale datha kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi. Amazinga aphakeme ahlanganisa izicelo zenethiwekhi nezimpendulo, ukumelelwa kwedatha, nezinqubo zokuxhumana zenethiwekhi njengoba kubonwe endaweni yokubuka yomsebenzisi.
I-model ye-OSI ekuqaleni yayikwakhelwe njengezakhiwo ezijwayelekile zokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zenethiwekhi futhi empeleni, ubuchwepheshe abaningi bezinethiwekhi zenethiwekhi namuhla bubonisa ukuklama okuklanyelwe kwe-OSI.
01 ngo-07
Isakhiwo somzimba
Ku-Layer 1, i-Physical layer ye-OSI imodeli inesibopho sokudluliswa kokugcina kwedatha yedatha yedijithali kusuka kwendlalelo engokwenyama yesistimu yokuthumela (umthombo) phezu kwenethiwekhi yezokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi kuya kwendwangu yomzimba yedivayisi yokuthola (indawo). Izibonelo zobuchwepheshe beLala 1 zifaka amakhodi e-Ethernet namanethiwekhi we-Token Ring . Ukwengeza, ama-hubs namanye ama- repeaters amadivaysi enethiwekhi avamile asebenza ku-layer layer, njengama-connectors ama-cable.
Ngomugqa ongokwenyama, idatha idluliselwa kusetshenziswa uhlobo lokubonisa olusekelwe yikhulumi esingokwenyama: izintambo zikagesi, ama-radio frequencies, noma ama-pulses of infrared noma ukukhanya okujwayelekile.
02 ngo-07
Isixhumanisi se-Data Link
Lapho uthola idatha kusuka kwendlalelo engokwenyama, isendlalelo seDatha Link sihlola amaphutha okudlulisela umzimba kanye namaphakheji amabhebhethi "amafomu" wedatha. Uhlaka lwe-Data Link luphinde lukwazi ukuphatha izikimu zokubhekana nezimo ezifana namakheli we- MAC wamanethiwekhi e-Ethernet, ukulawula ukufinyelela kwanoma yimaphi amadivaysi enethiwekhi ahlukene kumphakathi ongokwenyama. Ngenxa yokuthi ungqimba lweDatha Link luyingqayizivele oluyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke kumodeli we-OSI, ngokuvamile lihlukaniswe zibe izingxenye ezimbili, i-sublayer "Media Access Control" kanye ne-"Logical Link Control" sublayer.
03 ka-07
Isendlalelo senethiwekhi
Isendlalelo seNethiwekhi sinezela umqondo wokuhlelwa ngaphezu kwesendlalelo se-Data Link. Uma idatha ifinyelela ku-ungqimba weNethiwekhi, amakheli omthombo kanye nendawo okuyokuyo ekhona ngaphakathi kwefrimu ngayinye ahlolwa ukuze anqume ukuthi ngabe idatha ifinyelele indawo yayo yokugcina. Uma idatha isifikile ekugcineni, le Layer 3 ifaka idatha emaphaketheni athunyelwe ku-ungqimba wezokuthutha. Uma kungenjalo, isendlalelo seNethiwekhi sibuyekeza ikheli lokuphela futhi sidlulisa ifreyimu emuva kwezingqimba ezingezansi.
Ukuze usekele umzila, isendlalelo seNethiwekhi sigcina amakheli anengqondo njengamakheli e- IP wamadivayisi kunethiwekhi. Ukulayishwa kwenethiwekhi nakho kuyaphatha imephu phakathi kwalezi amakheli ezinengqondo namakheli angokwenyama. Kwi-inthanethi ye-IP, le mephu ifezwa nge- Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) .
04 ka 07
Isendlalelo Sokuthutha
I-Layer Yezokuthutha idlulisela idatha yonkana ekuxhumaneni kwenethiwekhi. I-TCP yisibonelo esivame kakhulu se- Protocol Layer 4 yenethiwekhi. Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuthutha zingase zisekele amakhono amaningi okuzikhethela kuhlanganise ukutakula iphutha, ukulawula ukugeleza, nokusekelwa kokudlulisela kabusha.
05 ka-07
I-Session Layer
I-Layout Session ilawula ukulandelana nokugeleza kwezenzakalo eziqala futhi zinciphise uxhumano lwenethiwekhi. Ku-Layer 5, lakhiwe ukusekela izinhlobo eziningi zokuxhuma ezingadalwa ngokuzenzekelayo futhi zigijime ngamanethiwekhi ngamunye.
06 ka-07
Isendlalelo se-Presentation
Isendlalelo se-Presentation yinto elula kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwanoma yikuphi ucezu lwe-OSI model. Ku-Layer 6, ilawula ukucubungula kwe-syntax yedatha yemilayezo efana nokuguqulwa kwefomethi nokubethelwa / ukubethela okudingekayo ukusekela isendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza ngaphezu kwalo.
07 ka-07
Uhlelo Lokusebenza
Isendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza lunikezela ngezinsizakalo zenethiwekhi ekupheleni kwezicelo zomsebenzisi. Izinsizakalo zenethiwekhi ngokuvamile ziyizivumelwano ezisebenza ngemininingwane yomsebenzisi. Isibonelo, kwisicelo sesiphequluli seWebhu, amaphakheji we- HTTP wesendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza idatha edingekayo ukuthumela nokuthola okuqukethwe kwekhasi leWebhu. Le Layer 7 inikeza idatha ku- (futhi ithola idatha kusuka) kuluhlu lwesethulo.