I-inthanethi iyinkimbinkimbi enkulu yamanethiwekhi ekhompuyutha enziwe ngezigidi zamadivayisi we-computing. Amakhompiyutha edeskithophu, ama-mainframes, ama-smartphones, amaphilisi, amayunithi we-GPS, ama-consoles wegeyimu yevidiyo namadivayisi ahlakaniphile konke axhuma kwi-intanethi. Ayikho inhlangano eyodwa eyinawo noma elawula i-intanethi.
IWeb Web Wide, noma i-web for short, yindawo lapho okuqukethwe kwedijithali kunikezwa kubasebenzisi be-intanethi. Iwebhu iqukethe okuqukethwe okuthandwa kakhulu kwi-intanethi futhi-cishe-okuningi okuqukethwe okuqala abasebenzisi be-intanethi ababonayo.
Njengomuntu oqalayo ozama ukwenza umqondo we-intanethi kanye neWebhu Yezwe Elibanzi, ukuqonda amagama ayisisekelo kuyomsiza.
01 ka-20
Isiphequluli
Abasebenzisi bokuqala be-intanethi abathuthukile bonke ukufinyelela ku- intanethi ngesofthiwe yesiphequluli sewebhu , efakwe kuma-computer nakumadivayisi eselula ngesikhathi sokuthenga. Ezinye iziphequluli zingalandwa kusukela ku-intanethi.
Isiphequluli siyiphakheji yesofthiwe yamahhala noma uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula olukuvumela ukuba ubuke amakhasi wewebhu, ihluzo, nokuqukethwe okuningi kwe-intanethi. Iziphequluli zewebhu ezidume kakhulu zifaka i-Chrome, Firefox, i- Internet Explorer , ne-Safari, kodwa kunezinye eziningi.
Isofthiwe yesiphequluli iklanyelwe ngokuqondile ukuguqula ikhodi ye-HTML ne-XML emadokhumenti afundwa ngabantu.
Iziphequluli zibonisa amakhasi wewebhu. Ikhasi ngalinye lewebhu linekheli eliyingqayizivele elibizwa nge-URL.
02 ka-20
Iwebhusayithi
Ikhasi lewebhu yilokho obona kusiphequluli sakho uma use-intanethi. Cabanga ngekhasi lewebhu njengekhasi kumagazini. Ungabona umbhalo, izithombe, izithombe, imidwebo, izixhumanisi, izikhangisi nokuningi kunoma yiliphi ikhasi osibukayo.
Ngokuvamile, uchofoza noma uthephe endaweni ethile yekhasi lewebhu ukuze wandise ulwazi noma uthuthele ekhasini elihlobene lewebhu. Ukuchofoza kusixhumanisi-umyalezo wombhalo ovela kumbala ohlukile kulo lonke umbhalo-ukuyisa ekhasini elihlukile lewebhu. Uma ufuna ukubuyela emuva, usebenzisa imicibisholo enikezelwe leyo njongo cishe zonke iziphequluli.
Amakhasi ewebhu amaningana esihlokweni esilandelayo enza iwebhusayithi.
03 ka-20
I-URL
Izindawo Ezifanayo Zendawo Yezinsiza -URLs- ziyisiphequluli sewebhu sekhasi lamakhasi namafayela. Nge-URL, ungathola futhi ubhukumise amakhasi akhethekile namafayela wesiphequluli sakho sewebhu. Ama-URL atholakala nxazonke. Kungenzeka kubhalwe ngaphansi kwamakhadi ebhizinisi, kuma-skrini e-TV ngesikhathi sezinkampani zokuhweba, ezixhunyiwe kumadokhumenti owafunde e-intanethi noma owethulwa enye yezinjini zokusesha ze-intanethi. Ifomethi ye-URL ifana nalokhu:
- http://www.examplewebsite.com/mypage
okuvame ukufinyelelwa kulokhu:
- www.examplewebsite.com/mypage
Ngezinye izikhathi zinde futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa zonke zilandela imithetho ehlonishwayo yokubiza ama-URL.
Ama-URL ahlanganisa izingxenye ezintathu ukubhekana nekhasi noma ifayela:
- Le protocol yisigaba esiphelela ku-//: Amakhasi amaningi wewebhu asebenzisa i-protocol http noma i-https, kodwa kunezinye izivumelwano.
- Isiphathi noma isizinda esiphezulu sezinga eliphezulu, okuvame ukuphela ku-.com, .net, .edu noma .org kodwa futhi singaphetha komunye wabanye abaningi abaye baqashelwa ngokomthetho.
- Igama lefayela noma igama lekhasi ngokwayo.
04 ka-20
I-HTTP ne-HTTPS
I-HTTP isichazamazwi se-"Hypertext Transfer Protocol," izinga lokuxhumana kwedatha lamakhasi ewebhu. Lapho ikhasi lewebhu linalo lesi siqalo, izixhumanisi, umbhalo, nezithombe kufanele zisebenze kahle kusiphequluli sakho sewebhu.
I-HTTPS isichazamazwi se-"Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure." Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ikhasi lewebhu linokungcebeleka okhethekile kokubethela okungeziwe ukufihla ulwazi lwakho lomuntu siqu namaphasiwedi kwabanye. Noma nini lapho ungena kwi-akhawunti yakho yasebhange ye-intanethi noma isayithi lokuthenga lapho ufaka khona ulwazi lwekhadi lesikweletu, bheka "https" ku-URL yokuphepha.
05 ka-20
I-HTML ne-XML
Ulimi lwe-Markuptelo lwe-Markup yilulimi lohlelo lwamakhasi wewebhu. I-HTML iyala isiphequluli sakho sewebhu ukuba sibonise umbhalo kanye nehluzo ngendlela ethile. Ukuqala abasebenzisi be-intanethi akudingeki bazi ikhodi ye-HTML ukuze bajabulele ama-webpages ulimi lohlelo olunikezela kuziphequluli.
I-XML nguLimi Lwe-Markup eXtensible, umzala ku-HTML. I-XML igxile ekwakheni nasekulandiseni okuqukethwe kokuqukethwe kwekhasi lewebhu.
I-XHTML iyinhlanganisela ye-HTML ne-XML.
06 kwangu-20
Ikheli le-IP
Ikhompiyutha yakho nayo yonke idivayisi exhuma kwi-intanethi isebenzisa ikheli le-Intanethi ye-Intanethi yokuhlonza. Ezimweni eziningi, amakheli e-IP abelwe ngokuzenzakalelayo. Abaqalayo ngokuvamile akudingeki banikeze ikheli le-IP. Ikheli le-IP lingabheka into enjengale:
- 202.3.104.55
noma kanje
- 21DA: D3: 0: 2F3B: 2AA: FF: FE28: 9C5A
Yonke ikhompyutha, umakhalekhukhwini kanye nedivayisi yeselula etholakalayo kwi-intanethi inikezwa ikheli le-IP ngezinhloso zokulandela. Kungaba ikheli le-IP elinikezwe unomphela, noma ikheli le-IP lingashintsha ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa njalo liyisihlonzi esiyingqayizivele.
Nomaphi lapho upheqa khona, noma nini lapho uthumela i-imeyili noma umlayezo osheshayo, futhi noma nini lapho ulanda ifayela, ikheli lakho le-IP lilingana nelinye ipuleti yelayisensi yezimoto ukuphoqa ukuphendula nokulandelela.
07 kwangu-20
I-ISP
Udinga umnikezeli wezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi ukuze ufike ku-intanethi. Ungangena kwi- ISP yamahhala esikoleni, umtapo wolwazi noma umsebenzi, noma ungakhokha i-ISP yangasese ekhaya. I-ISP yinkampani noma inhlangano kahulumeni ekukuxhuma kwi-intanethi enkulu.
I-ISP inikeza izinsizakalo ezinhlobonhlobo zamanani ezinhlobonhlobo zamanani: ukufinyelela kwekhasi lewebhu, i-imeyili, ukubamba ikhasi lewebhu nokunye okunye. Ama-ISP amaningi anikezela ngesivinini esiningi se-intanethi yokuxhumeka kwemali yenyanga. Ungakhetha ukukhokhela ngaphezulu uxhumano lwe-intanethi eliphezulu uma uthanda ukusakaza ama-movie noma ukhethe iphakheji engabizi uma usebenzisa i-intanethi ngokuyinhloko ukuphequlula okulula noku-imeyili.
08 ka-20
Router
I-router noma i-router-modem inhlanganisela yile divaysi yehadiwe eyenza njengepolisi yethrafikhi yezibonakaliso zenethiwekhi ezifika ekhaya lakho noma ibhizinisi kusuka ku-ISP yakho. I-router ingaxhunyiwe noma ingenantambo noma kokubili.
I-router yakho inikeza ukuzivikela ngokumelene nabaduni futhi iqondisa okuqukethwe kukhompyutha ethile, idivaysi, idivayisi yokusakaza noma iphrinta okufanele iyithole.
Ngokuvamile i-ISP yakho inikeza i- router yenethiwekhi ikhetha inkonzo yakho ye-intanethi. Uma kwenzeka, i-router ihlelwe ngendlela efanele. Uma ukhetha ukusebenzisa i-router ehlukile, kungase kudingeke ufake ulwazi kulo.
09 ka-20
I-imeyili
I- imeyli i-imeyili e-mail . Kuyinto yokuthumela nokwamukela imiyalezo yokubhala okuvela kwesikrini esisodwa kuya kwesinye. I-imeyili ivame ukuphathwa nge-webmail service-Gmail noma Yahoo Mail, isibonelo, noma iphakheji efakwe software njenge Microsoft Outlook noma Apple Mail.
Abaqalayo baqala ngokudala ikheli elilodwa le-imeyili abanikeza emndenini nabangane babo. Noma kunjalo, awukhawuli ekhelini elilodwa noma nge-imeyili yesevisi. Ungakhetha ukwengeza amanye amakheli we-imeyili ngezinjongo zokuthenga ezitolo, izinkampani noma izintando zenethiwekhi.
10 kwangu-20
I-imeyli yogaxekile nezihlungi
Ugaxekile yigama le-jargon le-imeyli engadingeki futhi engacelanga. I-imeyili yogaxekile ivela emikhakheni emibili eyinhloko: ukukhangisa okuphezulu kwevolumu, okucasulayo, nabagadli bezama ukukuheha ekudaluleni amaphasiwedi akho, okuyingozi.
Ukuhlunga ukuzivikela okuthandwayo-kodwa okungaphelele ngokumelene nogaxekile. Ukuhlunga kukhiwe kwamakhasimende amaningi e-imeyili. Ukuhlunga kusebenzisa isofthiwe efunda i-imeyili yakho engenayo yezingxube zegama elingukhiye bese isusa noma ihlukanise imilayezo ebonakala igaxekile. Bheka ifolda yogaxekile noma engenasidingo ebhokisini lakho lemeyili ukuze ubone i-imeyili yakho ehlukanisiwe noma ehlungiwe.
Ukuze uzivikele kubasosha abafuna ulwazi lwakho lomuntu siqu, yiba nosolisayo. Ibhange lakho ngeke likuthumelele futhi licele iphasiwedi yakho. Othile eNigeria ayidingi ngempela inombolo yakho ye-akhawunti yasebhange. I-Amazon ayikunikezi isitifiketi sesipho samahhala se-$ 50. Noma yikuphi okuzwakala kuhle kakhulu ukuba yiqiniso mhlawumbe akulona iqiniso. Uma ungaqiniseki, ungachofoli noma yiziphi izixhumanisi ku-imeyili bese uxhumane nomthumeli (ibhange lakho noma ubani) ngokuhlukile ukuze kuqinisekiswe.
11 kwangu-20
I-Social Media
Imithombo yezokuxhumana yinkathi ebanzi kunoma yiliphi ithuluzi le-intanethi elenza abasebenzisi bahlanganyele nezinkulungwane zabanye abasebenzisi. I-Facebook ne-Twitter ziphakathi kwezindawo ezinkulu zokuxhumana nabantu. I-LinkedIn iyisayithi elihlanganisiwe lezenhlalo nezomsebenzi. Amanye amasayithi adumile afaka i-YouTube, i-Google +, i-Instagram, Pinterest, i-Snapchat, i-Tumblr ne-Reddit.
Izingosi zezokuxhumana zinikeza ama-akhawunti mahhala kuwo wonke umuntu. Uma ukhetha labo abakuthandayo, cela abangani nomndeni bakho ukuthi bangobani. Ngaleyo ndlela ungajoyina iqembu lapho usuvele wazi abantu.
Njengazo zonke izinto ezihlobene ne-inthanethi, vikela ulwazi lwakho lomuntu siqu uma ubhalisela amasayithi. Abaningi babo banikeza isigaba sobumfihlo lapho ungakhetha ukuthi ungabonisani kwabanye abasebenzisi besayithi.
12 kwangu-20
I-E-Commerce
I-E-commerce iyinhlangano ye-electronic-ukuthengiselana kwebhizinisi lokuthengisa nokuthenga inthanethi. Nsuku zonke, izigidigidi zama-dollar zishintsha phakathi kwe-inthanethi ne-World Wide Web.
Ukuthengwa kwe-intanethi sekuqhumekile ekuthandeni nabasebenzisi be-intanethi, ukulimaza izitolo zendabuko nezitenda nezendabuko. Wonke umthengisi owaziwa unayo iwebhusayithi ekhombisa futhi adayise imikhiqizo yayo. Ukuhlanganyela kuzo kunezindawo eziningi ezincane ezithengisa imikhiqizo nezindawo ezinkulu ezithengisa cishe yonke into.
I-e-commerce isebenza ngoba ubumfihlo obufanele buqinisekiswa nge-HTTPS amakhasi ewebhu aphephile abhala ulwazi lomuntu siqu futhi ngoba amabhizinisi athembekile anika i-intanethi njengendlela yokusebenzisana futhi yenza inqubo ilula futhi iphephile.
Lapho uthengisa kwi-intanethi, ucelwa ukuba ufake ikhadi lesikweletu, ulwazi lwe-PayPal noma olunye ulwazi lokukhokha.
13 kwangu-20
Ukubethela nokuqinisekiswa
Ukubethela kuyisisindo sokudabula idatha ukuze sifihliwe kuma-evesdroppers. Ukubethela kusebentisa amafomula ama-complex okubamba idatha yangasese ibe yi-gobbledygook engenangqondo ukuthi abafundi ababethembekile kuphela abangakwazi ukuzithokozisa.
Ukubethela kuyisisekelo sendlela esisebenzisa ngayo i-intanethi njengepayipi yokuqhuba ibhizinisi elithembekile, njengebhange le-intanethi nokuthengwa kwekhadi lesikweletu online. Uma ukubethela okuthembekile kukhona, imininingwane yakho yasebhange nezinombolo zekhadi lesikweletu zigcinwa ziyimfihlo.
Ubuqiniso buhlobene ngokuqondile nokubethela. Ukuqinisekiswa yindlela eyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi izinhlelo zekhompyutha ziqinisekisa ukuthi ungubani ukuthi usho ukuthi ungubani.
14 kwangu-20
Ukulanda
Ukulanda kuyisikhathi esibanzi esichaza ukudlulisela into oyitholayo kuyi-intanethi noma kwi-World Wide Web kukhompyutha yakho noma kwenye idivayisi. Ngokuvamile, ukulanda kuhlotshaniswa nezingoma, umculo namafayela wesofthiwe. Isibonelo, ungase ufune:
- Landa iringithoni entsha yomculo kumakhalekhukhwini wakho
- Landa ikhophi yesilingo ye-Microsoft Office.
Ikhudlwana ifayela olikopishayo, isikhathi eside ukulanda kuthatha ukudlulisela kwikhompyutha yakho. Ezinye ukulanda kuthatha imizuzwana; abanye bathatha imizuzu noma ngaphezulu ngokuya ngesivinini sakho se- intanethi .
Ama-Webpages anikezela ngezinto ezingalandwa ngokuvamile ziphawulwe ngokucacile ngenkinobho yokulanda (noma into efanayo).
15 kwangu-20
I-Cloud Computing
I-computing ye-Cloud yaqala njengegama ukuchaza isofthiwe eyayise-intanethi futhi ibolekekile, esikhundleni sokuthenga nokufakwa kwikhompyutha yakho. I-imeyili esekelwe kwiWebhu yisibonelo esisodwa se-cloud computing. I-imeyili yomsebenzisi konke igcinwe futhi ifinyelelwe efwini le-intanethi.
Ifu yiyona nguqulo yanamuhla yemodeli ye-mainframe yama-1970. Njengengxenye yesimodeli se-computing yefu, isofthiwe njengesevisi iyimodeli yebhizinisi ethatha ukuthi abantu bangathanda ukuqasha isofthiwe kunokuba bayigcine. Ngeziphequluli zabo zewebhu, abasebenzisi bafinyelela efwini kwi-intanethi bese bangena kumakhophi abo asetshenzisiwe ku-inthanethi yesofthiwe yabo esekelwe phezulu.
Ngokuqhubekayo, izinsizakalo zinikeza isitoreji sefu samafayela ukuze kube lula ukufinyelela amafayela akho kusuka kudivayisi engaphezu kweyodwa. Kungenzeka ukuthi ulondoloze amafayela, izithombe, nezithombe efwini bese ufinyelela kuzo kusuka kwikhompyutha ephathekayo, ifoni, ithebulethi noma enye idivayisi. I-Cloud computing yenza ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu ngabanye kumafayela afanayo efwini elingenzeka.
16 kwangu-20
I-Firewall
I-Firewall iyigama elijwayelekile lokuchaza umkhawulo wokulwa nokubhujiswa. Endabeni ye-computing, i-firewall iqukethe isofthiwe noma i-hardware evikela ikhompyutha yakho kubaduni kanye namagciwane.
Ukucubungula ibhulogi kubanga kusuka kumaphakheji wesofthiwe ye-antivirus ezincane kuya kumasethingi amadivaysi anzima futhi abiza kakhulu kanye nezixazululo ze-hardware. Amanye amabhuloho akhululekile . Amakhomphyutha amaningi athunyelwa nge-firewall ongayenza. Zonke izinhlobo eziningi zamakhompiyutha e- computer zinikeza uhlobo oluthile lokulondeka kwabaduni ukuphazamisa noma ukuthatha uhlelo lwakho lwekhompyutha.
Njengabo bonke abanye, abaqalayo ku-intanethi kufanele basebenze i- firewall ukuze basebenzise ngokuyimfihlo ukuvikela amakhompyutha abo kusuka kumagciwane kanye ne-malware.
17 kwangu-20
I-Malware
I-Malware yigama elibanzi lokuchaza noma iyiphi isofthiwe enonya eyenzelwe abaduni. I-Malware ihlanganisa amagciwane, ama-trojans, ama-keyloggers, izinhlelo ze-zombie nanoma iyiphi enye isofthiwe efuna ukwenza enye yezinto ezine:
- Vandalize ikhompyutha yakho ngandlela-thile
- Bamba imininingwane yakho yangasese
- Thatha ukulawula okude kwikhompyutha yakho (i-zombie ikhompyutha yakho) ngezinye iziphetho
- Ukunyathelisa ekuthengeni okuthile
Izinhlelo ze-Malware yizibhamu zesikhathi kanye nezinhlelo ezimbi zabasebenzi abangathembeki. Zivikele nge-firewall nolwazi lokuvimbela lezi zinhlelo ekufinyeleleni kukhompyutha yakho
18 kwangu-20
ITrojan
Uhlelo lwe-trojan luhlobo olukhethekile lwe-hacker oluxhomeke kumsebenzisi ukuthi alwamukele futhi alusebenze. Ebizwa nge-horse famous tale horse, uhlelo lwe-trojan lubonisa ukuthi ifayela noma uhlelo lwe-software olusemthethweni.
Ngezinye izikhathi kuyifayela le-movie elingenacala-noma isifaki esenza sengathi isofthiwe ye-anti-hacker yangempela. Amandla okuhlasela kwe-trojan avela kubasebenzisi be-naively ngokulanda nokusebenzisa ifayela le-trojan.
Zivikele ngokungafaki amafayela athunyelwe kuwe ema-imeyili noma ukuthi ubona kumawebhusayithi angajwayelekile.
19 kwangu-20
I-Phishing
I-Phishing iyindlela yokusebenzisa ama-imeyili akhangayo kanye namakhasi wewebhu ukuze akulandele ukuthayipha izinombolo ze-akhawunti yakho namaphasiwedi / amaphinikhodi. Ngokuvamile ngendlela yemiyalezo yokuxwayisa ye-PayPal noma ama-fake wokungena ngemvume ebhange, ukuhlaselwa kobugebengu obuyingozi kungakuqinisekisa kunoma ubani ongaqeqeshwanga ukubuka izinkomba ezicashile. Njengomthetho, abasebenzisi bokuqala-abasebenzisi bokuqala nabasebenzisi besikhathi eside-kufanele bangathembeli noma yikuphi ukuxhumanisa kwe-imeyili ethi "kufanele ungene ngemvume futhi uqinisekise lokhu."
20 kwangu-20
Amabhulogi
Ibhulogi ikholomu yombhali wanamuhla. Abalobi nabangcweti bashicilela amabhulogi kakhulu kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesihloko: izithakazelo zabo zokuzilibazisa ku-paintball kanye ne-tennis, imibono yabo ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, amazwana abo emidlalweni yezinhle, ama-blogs wesithombe sezintandokazi noma amathiphu we-tech ekusebenziseni i-Microsoft Office. Kusobala ukuthi ubani ongaqala ibhulogi.
Ngokuvamile amablogigi ahlelwe ngokulandelana kwesikhathi futhi ahlelwe ngendlela encane kunewebhu. Abaningi babo bayamukela futhi baphendule amazwana. Amabhulogi ahlukahluka kukhwalithi kusukela ekufundeni ukuya kuchwepheshe. Abanye ababhulogi be-savvy bathola imali engenayo ngokudayisa ngokukhangisa kumakhasi abo ebhulogi.