Wonke umuntu ukhuluma ngama- router roulette njengento ebalulekile kumanethiwekhi omkhaya, kodwa bambalwa abantu abazinika isikhathi sokubheka ngokucophelela kuzo zonke izinto um router ongakwenza. Ama-routers asekhaya ahlinzeka ngezici eziningi eziwusizo ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela kokuxhumana okuyisisekelo. Abakhiqizi bebefaka izingqimba ezingaphezulu nakakhulu ngemiculo eminyakeni yamuva.
Ingabe inethiwekhi yakho yasemakhaya yamanje isebenzisa ngokugcwele amandla ka router? Izigaba ezingezansi zihamba ngezici eziningi nemisebenzi yazo. Uma uthengela i-router entsha, qinisekisa ukuthi imodeli oyikhethayo isekela izici ozifunayo, ngoba bonke akunikezi okufanayo.
I-Wi-Fi ye-Single noma ye-Dual Band
Ama - router we-Wi-Fi womdabu afana nomsakazo owodwa owadluliselwa ku-2.4 GHz band band. Ama- router angu- 802.11n afaka ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana okuthiwa i- MIMO (Multiple In Multiple Out) ashintshile lokho. Ngama-radium amabili (noma ngaphezulu) asakazwa ngaphakathi ngaphakathi, amakhadi asekhaya angakwazi ukuxhumana manje nge-band ebanzi kakhulu kunangaphambili noma ngamaqembu ahlukahlukene ahlukene.
Amakholi amabili we-Wi-Fi okuthiwa ama-double-band asekela ama-radios amaningi futhi asebenze kokubili ama-2.4 GHz nama-5 GHz. Lawa ma-routers avumela imindeni ukuba ihlele ama-subnetworks amabili angenawaya futhi athole izinzuzo zohlobo zombili. Isibonelo, uxhumano lwe-5 GHz lunganikeza ukusebenza okuphakeme kunamaxhumano angu-2.4 GHz, kanti 2.4 GHz ngokuvamile inikeza ibanga elingcono kanye nokuhambisana namadivayisi amadala.
Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe, bheka: I-Double-Band Wireless Networking ichazwe
I-Traditional noma i-Gigabit Ethernet
Izindlela zokuqala zokuqala zomkhaya zokuqala nezesibili azizange zisekele i-Wi-Fi. Lawa ma-routers okuthiwa "ama-broadband" ahlinzeka ngamachwebeni e-Ethernet kuphela, aklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa i-PC, iphrinta futhi mhlawumbe i-console yegeyimu. Ukuze athole inzuzo enkulu kwezobuchwepheshe, abanye abanikazi bezindlu babheka ukuthi bangene izindlu zabo ngekhebula le-Ethernet .run kumakamelo ahlukahlukene.
Ngisho nanamuhla, ngokuthandwa kwe-Wi-Fi namadivaysi eselula (amaningi awo awasekeli noma yikuphi ukuxhumana okuhlangene), abakhiqizi baqhubeka befaka i- Ethernet emakhaya abo.I-Ethernet inikeza ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi kangcono kunokuxhumana okungenantambo ezimweni eziningi. Amamodemu amaningi athandwayo e- broadband axhumeka ku-routers nge-Ethernet, futhi imidlalo ye-hardcore ngokuvamile ikhetha i-Wi-Fi yamasethingi abo wokudlala.
Kuze kube maduzane, wonke ama-routers asekela i-100 Mbps efanayo (ngezinye izikhathi ngokuthi "i-10/100" noma "i-Fast Ethernet) ubuchwepheshe njengabokhokho babo bokuqala." Amamodeli amasha nakwasezingeni eliphezulu athuthukisa lokho ku- Gigabit Ethernet , kangcono ukusakazwa kwevidiyo nokunye ukusetshenziswa okunamandla.
I-IPv4 ne-IPv6
Wonke amakhasimende asekhaya asekela i- Inthanethi Protocol (IP) . Wonke ama-routers amasha asekela ama-flavour amabili ahlukene we-IP - izinga elisha le-IP version 6 (i-IPv6) futhi elidala kodwa okwamanje liyi-version 4 (IPv4) ejwayelekile. Ama-router omdala wokuxhumeka asekelwa i-IPv4 kuphela. Nakuba ukuhamba nge-IPv6 okusebenzayo akudingeki, amakhasimende asekhaya angazuza ekuthuthukiseni nasekusebenzeni okuthuthukisiwe okuhlinzekayo.
Ikheli leNethiwekhi YeNethiwekhi (i-NAT)
Esinye sezici eziyisisekelo zokuphepha zamakhadi asekhaya, ubuchwepheshe be- Network Address Translation (NAT) buhlela uhlelo lokukhuluma lwenethiwekhi yekhaya nokuxhuma kwayo kwi-Inthanethi. I-NAT ilandelela amakheli azo zonke amadivaysi axhunywe ku-router nanoma yimiphi imilayezo abenza emhlabeni wangaphandle ukuze i-router ikwazi ukuqondisa izimpendulo kudivayisi efanele kamuva. Abanye abantu babiza lesi sici "i-firewall" ye-NAT njengoba ivinjelwa ngokuphumelelayo ithrafikhi enonya njengamanye ama- firewalls enethiwekhi .
Uxhumano Nokwabelana Ngezinsiza
Ukuhlanganyela uxhumano lwe-intanethi kunethiwekhi yekhaya nge-router akuyona i-no-brainer (bheka- Indlela Yokuxhuma Ikhompyutha ku-intanethi ). Ngaphandle kokufinyelela kwe-intanethi, ezinye izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinsiza zingabelwa, nazo.
Amaphrinta wamanje asekela i-Wi-Fi futhi angajoyina inethiwekhi yendawo lapho amakhompyutha namafoni angathumela khona imisebenzi kubo. Okuningi - Indlela Yokuxhumanisa Iphrinta .
Amanye ama-routers amasha afaka amachidi e- USB adizayinelwe ukufaka amashayela wesitoreji sangaphandle. Lesi sitoreji singasetshenziswa amanye amadivayisi kunethiwekhi yokukopisha amafayela. Lezi zimoto zingasuswa futhi zihanjiswe kwezinye izindawo uma umuntu edinga ukufinyelela idatha ngenkathi ehamba, isibonelo. Ngisho ngaphandle kwezici zokugcina ze-USB, i-router yenza ukwabelana ngefayela yenethiwekhi phakathi kwamadivayisi ngezinye izindlela. Amafayela angadluliswa ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi yenethiwekhi yokusebenza yenethiwekhi noma ngokusebenzisa amasistimu okugcina amafu. Okungaphezulu - Isingeniso Kukwabiwa Kwefayili kwi-Computer Networks .
Ama-Network Network
Amanye ama-routers angenawaya amasha (akubona bonke) asekela izixhumanisi zokuvakashela izivakashi , okuvumela ukuthi uhlele isigaba esikhethekile senethiwekhi yakho ekhaya nje ukuvakashela abangani nomndeni. Amanethiwekhi omngane avimbela ukufinyelela kwinethiwekhi eyinhloko yekhaya ukuze izivakashi zingakwazi ukukhipha izisetshenziswa zenethiwekhi yasemakhaya ngaphandle kwemvume yakho. Ngokuyinhloko, inethiwekhi yesimenywa isebenzisa ukumiswa okuhlukile kokuvikeleka nezinkinobho zokuphepha ezihlukile ze-Wi-Fi kunanoma iyiphi enye inethiwekhi yendawo ukuze okhiye bakho abangezimele bahlale befihliwe.
Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe, bheka: Ukusetha Up nokusebenzisa Inethiwekhi Yezindwendwe Ekhaya .
Izilawuli zabazali nezinye izivimbelo zokufinyelela
Abenzi be-router bavame ukukhangisa ukulawula kwabazali njengephuzu lokuthengisa lemikhiqizo yabo. Imininingwane yokuthi lezi zilawuli zisebenza kanjani zonke zixhomeke kumodeli womzila ohilelekile. Izici ezijwayelekile ze-router izilawuli zabazali zifaka:
- ukuvimbela izingosi ezithile zewebhu ngamagama
- ukuvimbela izikhathi zosuku (ubusuku) ingane engakwazi ukufinyelela kuWebhu
- ukukhawulela inani eliphelele lamahora ngosuku ingane engangena kuyo ku-intanethi
Umlawuli we-router ulungisa izilungiselelo zokulawula kwabazali kumamenyu we-console. Izilungiselelo zisetshenziselwa ngokwehlukana ngedivayisi ukuze amadivayisi wengane angavinjelwe ngenkathi abanye behlala bengavinjelwe. Ama-routers agcina ithrekhi yobunikazi bamadivayisi wendawo ngamakheli abo angokwenyama ( MAC ) ukuze ingane ingakwazi ukuqamba kabusha ikhompiyutha yabo ukugwema ukulawula kwabazali.
Ngenxa yokuthi izici ezifanayo zingasiza abashade nabanye amalungu omndeni eceleni kwezingane, ukulawula kwabazali kungcono ukubizwa ngokuthi imingcele yokungena .
Iseva ye-VPN kanye nokusekelwa kwabaxhasi
Ubuchwepheshe be- Virtual Private (VPN) buthuthukisa ukuxhumana kwe-intanethi futhi kuye kwanda kakhulu ngokukhula kwezinethiwekhi ezingenantambo. Abantu abaningi basebenzisa i-VPN endaweni yokusebenzela, noma kumadivayisi eselula axhuma ezindaweni zokuhlala ze-Wi-Fi , kodwa bambalwa abasebenzisa i-VPN uma ekhaya. Amanye ama-routers amasha anikezela ukusekelwa kwe-VPN, kodwa abanye abakwenzi, futhi ngisho nalabo abakwenzayo bangalinganiselwe ekusebenzeni kwabo.
Ama-routers asekhaya nge-VPN ngokuvamile ahlinzeka ukwesekwa kwe-VPN yeseva kuphela. Lokhu kuvumela amalungu omndeni ukuba ahlele uxhumano lwe-VPN ekhaya lapho behamba kude. Amakhilomitha ambalwa asekhaya ahlinzeka ngokusekelwa kwekhasimende le-VPN, okwenza amadivayisi angaphakathi ekhaya enze ukuxhumeka kwe-VPN uma ufinyelela kwi-Inthanethi. Labo abacabangela ukulondeka kokuxhumana okungenantambo ekhaya kuqala kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi umzila wabo ungasebenza njengomthengi we-VPN.
I-Port Ukudlulisela ne-UPnP
Isici esivamile kodwa esingaqondakali sezimoto zomgwaqo, ukudluliselwa kwechweba kunika umlawuli ikhono lokuqondisa imoto engenayo kumadivayisi angaphakathi ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yasendlini ngokuvumelana nezinombolo zekhompuyutha ze - TCP ne- UDP equkethwe ngaphakathi kwemilayezo ngayinye. Izimo ezivamile lapho ukudluliselwa kwechweba kwakusetshenziswa khona ngokujwayelekile kuhlanganisa i-PC yokudlala nokubamba iWeb.
Isimiso se-Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) sakhiwe ukuze kube lula indlela amakhompyutha nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzisa amarekhodi ukuxhumana namanethiwekhi asekhaya. I-UPnP ibeka ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuxhumeka okuningi okwakungadingeka ngokuzenzakalelayo ukulungisa okufakiwe kokudluliselwa kwe-port ku-router. Wonke ama-routers asekhaya ajwayelekile asekela i-UPnP njengesici sokuzikhethela; abaphathi bangawukhubaza uma befisa ukugcina ukulawula okugcwele izinqumo zokudlulisela i-port router.
QoS
Amashadi asekhaya avamile anikeza izinketho eziningana zokulawula i- Quality of Service (QoS) kunethiwekhi yasendlini. I-QoS ivumela umlawuli ukuthi anikeze amadivayisi akhethiwe kanye / noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ukufinyelela okuphezulu kunsizakalo zenethiwekhi.
Ama-router amaningi ase-broadband asekela i-QoS njengesici esingashintshwa noma sokuvala. Ama-routers asekhaya ne-QoS anganikeza izilungiselelo ezihlukile ezixhunyiwe ze-Ethernet ezihlangene ngokuxhumeka kwe-wireless Wi-Fi. Amadivayisi okumele abekwe phambili ajwayelekile abonakala ngekheli lawo leMAC ngokomzimba. Ezinye izinketho ezijwayelekile ze-QoS:
- ukuhamba ngezindiza ze-TCP noma i-UDP ngamanye amazwe kungenziwa kuqala kuqala noma kuphansi kunezinye. Abaphathi basebenzisa lezi zilungiselelo ukuze banikeze phambili kunemidlalo yenethiwekhi.
- I-WMM (i-Wi-Fi MultiMedia) I-QoS ithola ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi isakaze ukusakaza kwevidiyo kanye ne-voice traffic ekuxhumaneni kwe-Wi-Fi. Ama-routers amaningi afaka i-WMM njengenketho ekhethiwe; amanye amamodeli agcina i-WMM inikwe amandla ngokuzenzakalelayo ngenkathi abanye bekhutshaziwe ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Isethaphu evikelekile ye-Wi-Fi (i-WPS)
Umqondo we-WPS ulula: Amanethiwekhi asekhaya (ikakhulukazi izilungiselelo zokuphepha) angase aphuthelwe ukulungisa, ngakho-ke noma yini ehlonza inqubo isindisa isikhathi kanye nezinsizwa. I-WPS inikeza izindlela zokwenza ukuqinisekiswa kokuvikeleka kwamadivaysi we-Wi-Fi noma ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuxhuma inkinobho yokucindezela noma ngokusebenzisa Amanani Okukhomba Omuntu Okukhethekile (ama-PIN), ama-passkeys ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi angadluliswa ngokuzenzekelayo usebenzisa i- Near Field Communication (NFC) . Amanye amakhasimende we-Wi-Fi awasekeli i-WPS, noma kunjalo, nokukhathazeka kokuphepha kukhona.
Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe, bheka: Isingeniso ku-WPS yamaNethiwekhi we-Wi-Fi
I-Firmware ethuthukisiwe
Abakhiqizi be-router bavame ukulungisa izimbungulu bese bangezela izithuthukisi kuma-router's systems operating systems. Zonke izinombolo zanamuhla zifaka isici sokuvuselela i- firmware ukuze uvumele abanikazi bavuselele i-router yabo ngemuva kokuthenga. Abakhiqizi abambalwa abathintekayo, ikakhulukazi i-Linksys, baya phambili futhi bahlinzeke ngokusekelwa okusemthethweni kumakhasimende abo ukuze bashintshe i-firmware yesitoreji ngenguqulo yesithathu (ngokuvamile evulwe umthombo) njenge- DD-WRT .
Umnikazi wendawo angahle akhathalele kakhulu ngakho, kodwa abathandi abathile be-tech bacabangele ikhono lokwenza i-firmware ngokwezifiso njengento eyisihluthulelo ekukhetheni i-router ekhaya. Bheka futhi: Amabhukwana we-Wi-Fi angenazintambo ezingenazintambo zeKhaya leNethiwekhi yamaKhompyutha .