Amanethiwekhi wekhompyutha afika ngezindlela eziningi: Amanethiwekhi asekhaya, amanethiwekhi ebhizinisi, ne-intanethi yizibonelo ezintathu ezivamile. Amadivaysi angasebenzisa noma iyiphi yezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuxhuma kulezi (nezinye izinhlobo) amanethiwekhi. Izinhlobo eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo zokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi zikhona:
- Ukuxhumeka kokukhomba kuya kwephuzu kuvumela idivayisi eyodwa ukuthi ikhulume ngqo nenye idivayisi eyodwa. Isibonelo, amafoni amabili angaphathanisana ukuze atshintshisane ngolwazi lokuxhumana noma izithombe.
- Ukuxhumeka / ukuxhumeka kwe- multicast kuvumela idivayisi ukuthi ithumele umyalezo owodwa kunethiwekhi futhi ibe namakhophi alo mlayezo onikezwe abamukeli abaningi
- Ukuxhumeka kwe- Multipoint kuvumela ukuthi idivayisi eyodwa ixhumane ngokuqondile futhi ihambise imilayezo kumadivaysi amaningi ngokufana.
Akuwona wonke ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe bokuxhumanisa ukwenza zonke izinhlobo zokuxhumana. Izixhumanisi ze- Ethernet , isibonelo, ukwesekwa kokusekelwa, kodwa i- IPv6 ayikho. Izigaba ngezansi zichaza izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuxhumana ezivame ukusetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi namuhla.
I-intanethi ye-Broadband Internet
Igama le- broadband lingasho izinto eziningi, kodwa abathengi abaningi bahlobanisa nomqondo wesevisi ye-intanethi esheshayo efakwe endaweni ethize. Izinethiwekhi ezizimele emakhaya, izikole, amabhizinisi kanye nezinye izinhlangano ngokuvamile zixhumanisa ne-intanethi nge-broadband ehleliwe.
Umlando kanye nokusetshenziswa okuvamile: Amanyuvesi ahlukene, uhulumeni, kanye nezikhungo ezizimele zadala izingxenye ezibalulekile ze-Inthanethi phakathi neminyaka yama-1970 no-1980. Ukuxhumeka kwemindeni kwi-intanethi kwathola ukuthandwa okusheshayo phakathi nawo-1990 kanye nokuvela kweWorld Wide Web (WWW) . Izinsizakalo ze-intanethi ze-intanethi ezisakazwa ngokugcwele zenziwa ziqinile ngokuqinile njengamazinga ezindlu zokuhlala emazweni athuthukile phakathi nawo-2000, ngokusheshisa okwandayo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, abahlinzeki be -Wi-Fi hotspot bazwelonke baqala ukusekela inethiwekhi yendawo ehlakazekile ye-broadband sign on izindawo ababhalisile bazo ukuyisebenzisa. Okuningi - Ubani owadala i-intanethi?
Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko : Ubuchwepheshe beNethiwekhi Yezinhlelo Zokudidiyelwa (ISDN) Edidiyelwe lusekela ukutholakala kwezwi kanye nedatha ngesikhathi esifanayo emigqeni yefoni ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imodemu. Kwakuyisibonelo sokuqala esisheshayo (ngokuphathelene nezinye izindlela ezitholakalayo) isevisi yokufinyeleleka kwe-inthanethi emakethe yomthengi. I-ISDN yehlulekile ukuthola ukuthandwa okubanzi ngenxa yemincintiswano evela ku- Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) kanye nezinsizakalo ze-intanethi yekhebula. Ngaphandle kwalezi zinketho ezibandakanya ukukhanda, ukuxhumeka okungaxhunyiwe kwe- wireless (okungahle kudidaniswe nezinsizakalo ezisezingeni eliphezulu le-broadband) ngokusekelwe kuma-radio transmitters ama-microwave. Ukukhulumisana kombhoshongo kuya embhoshongweni wamanethiwekhi weselula kubuye kufinyeleleke njengendlela ehleliwe yesistimu ye-broadband ehleliwe.
Izinkinga: Ukufakwa kwe-broadband okuhleliwe kunamathele endaweni eyodwa engokwenyama futhi akuphathekayo. Ngenxa yezindleko zengqalasizinda, ukutholakala kwalezi zinsizakalo ze-intanethi ngezinye izikhathi kunomkhawulo emadolobheni nasemadolobheni (nakuba izinhlelo ezingenazintambo ezihleliwe zisebenza kahle ezindaweni zasemaphandleni). Ukuncintisana kwezinsizakalo ze-intanethi zamaselula kubeka ingcindezi eyengeziwe kuma-providers asezingeni eliphezulu abanikazi be-broadband ukuze baqhubeke bethuthukisa amanethiwekhi abo kanye nezindleko zokunciphisa.
Inthanethi yeselula
Igama elithi "Inthanethi yeselula" libhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinsizakalo ze-intanethi ezingatholakala nge-uxhumano olungenantambo oluvela ezindaweni eziningi ezihlukene.
Umlando kanye nokusetshenziswa okuvamile: Izinkonzo ze- Satellite Interne zakhiwe ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990 kanye no-2000 njengendlela ephakeme ejubane le-intanethi ye-intanethi. Ngenkathi lezi zinsizakalo zingenakukwazi ukuncintisana nokusebenza okuphezulu kwezixazululo ezintsha ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ziqhubeka nokukhonza ezinye izimakethe zasemaphandleni ezingenayo ezinye izinketho ezingathengi. Amanethiwekhi wokukhulumisana asemaselula ayengasheshi kakhulu ukusekela i-intanethi ye-traffic idatha futhi yakhelwe ngokuyinhloko ngezwi, kodwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwezizukulwane ezintsha kuye kwaba inketho ehamba phambili ye-intanethi yezintandokazi eziningi.
Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko: Amanethiwekhi weselula asebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuxhumana eziphathelene nemikhawulo ye- 3G, i-4G kanye (nangesikhathi esizayo) imindeni ye- 5G .
Izinkinga: Ukusebenza kwezixhumanisi ze-Intanethi eziphathekayo ngokwemlando kuye kwaphansi kunalokho okuhlinzekwa ngamasevisi angasetshenzisiwe, futhi izindleko zayo ziphakeme. Ngokuthuthukiswa okukhulu kokubili kokusebenza kanye nezindleko phakathi neminyaka yamuva, i-intanethi ye-intanethi isuke ingabizi kakhulu futhi iyindlela ebonakalayo ebonakalayo ekusetshenzisweni kwe-broadband ehleliwe.
I-Network yangasese ye-Virtual (VPN)
Inethiwekhi yangasese yangasese (VPN) iqukethe i-hardware, isofthiwe, nokuxhumeka okudingekayo ukusekela ukuvikelwa kwenethiwekhi ye-client evikelekile kunqalasizinda yenethiwekhi yomphakathi ngendlela ebizwa nge-tunneling.
Ukusetshenziswa komlando kanye nokusetshenziswa okuvamile: i-VPN yanda ekuthandeni phakathi neminyaka yama-1990 ngokusabalalisa kwe-intanethi kanye namanethiwekhi aphezulu. Amabhizinisi amakhulu akhiphe i-VPNs yangasese kubasebenzi bawo ukuba basebenzise njengesixazululo sokufinyelela esikude - ukuxhuma kwi- intranet yezinkampani kusuka ekhaya noma ngenkathi befinyelela ku-imeyili kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zebhizinisi ezizimele. Izinsizakalo ze-VPN zomphakathi ezithuthukisa ubumfihlo be-intanethi ngokuxhumeka komuntu kubahlinzeki be-intanethi nazo ziyaqhubeka zisetshenziswa kabanzi. Okubizwa okuthiwa "amasevisi we-VPN international", isibonelo, vumela ababhalisile ukuba baqonde i-Inthanethi ngamaseva emazweni ahlukene, ngokunciphisa imikhawulo ye-geolocation amanye amasayithi e-intanethi asebenzisa.
Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko: I-Microsoft Windows yamukele iProtokholi ye-Point to Point Tunneling (PPTP) njengesisombululo sayo esiyinhloko se-VPN. Ezinye izindawo zamukele ukuphepha kwe-Protocol Protocol (i-Ipsec) ne-Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP).
Izinkinga: Amanethiwekhi wangasese abonakalayo adinga ukusetha okukhethekile kumkhakha weklayenti. Izilungiselelo zokuxhumana zihlukahluka kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-VPN ezihlukene futhi kufanele zilungiswe kahle ukuze inethiwekhi isebenze. Imizamo ehlulekile yokwenza uxhumano lwe-VPN, noma amaconsi okuxhumene ngokungazelelwe, ajwayelekile futhi kunzima ukuxazulula inkinga.
Amanethiwekhi wokudayela
Ukuxhuma kwenethiwekhi yokudayela kunika amandla ukuxhumana kwe-TCP / IP kumigqa ejwayelekile yocingo.
Ukusetshenziswa komlando kanye nokusetshenziswa okujwayelekile: Ukuxhumana nge-Dial-up kwakuyiyona ndlela eyinhloko yokufinyeleleka kwe-Inthanethi emakhaya ema-1990s nakwa-2000. Amanye amabhizinisi aphinde ahlele amaseva okufinyelela ezikude ezikude ezivumela abasebenzi babo ukuba bafinyelele i-intranet yenkampani evela ku-intanethi
Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko: Amadivaysi oxhumana namanethiwekhi wokudayela asebenzisa imodemu ye-analog ebiza izinombolo zocingo ezikhethiwe ukwenza uxhumano nokuthumela noma ukuthola imiyalezo. Izikhathi ezithile ze- X.25 zisetshenziselwa ukudlulisa idatha kusuka ekuxhumaneni kwe-dial-up kumabanga amade, njengokucubungula ikhadi lesikweletu noma izinhlelo zamaskrini.
Izinkinga: Ukudayela-up kunikeza inani elilinganiselwe lokuhamba komkhawulo wenethiwekhi . Amamodemu we-Analog, isibonelo, phezulu phezulu kumazinga aphezulu wedatha ka-56 Kbps . Ishintshwe nge-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-home futhi kancane kancane isuswa kwezinye izinsiza.
Inethiwekhi Yendawo Yendawo (LAN)
Abantu bahlobanisa inethiwekhi yekhompyutha nama- LAN ngaphezu kwanoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lokuxhumeka kwenethiwekhi. Inethiwekhi yendawo iqukethe iqoqo lamadivayisi asondelene kakhulu (njengendlu noma isakhiwo sehhovisi) exhunywe kwimishini yenethiwekhi eyabelwe (njengama- router broadband noma ukushintsha kwenethiwekhi ) ukuthi amadivayisi asebenzise ukuxhumana nomunye nomunye futhi ngamanethiwekhi angaphandle.
Ukusetshenziswa komlando kanye nokusetshenziswa okuvamile: Amanethiwekhi wendawo (aphethwe yinkimbinkimbi kanye / noma angenawaya) adume kakhulu phakathi nama-2000 ngokukhula kwenethiwekhi yekhaya. Amayunivesithi namabhizinisi basebenzisa amanethiwekhi angcingo ngisho nangaphambilini.
Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko: Ama-LAN amaningi anamanje asebenzisa i- Ethernet ngenkathi amanethiwekhi angenawaya angasebenzisa i- Wi-Fi . Amanethiwekhi ase-Older wired asetshenzisiwe asebenzisa i-Ethernet kodwa futhi ezinye izindlela ezifaka i- Token Ring ne- FDDI .
Izinkinga: Ukuphatha ama-LAN kungaba nzima njengoba kunamanethiwekhi amaningi okuhloswe aklanyelwe ukusekela ukuxuba kwamadivaysi ahlukahlukene kanye nokulungiselelwa kwedivayisi (kufaka phakathi izinhlelo ezahlukene zokusebenza noma amazinga wombuso wenethiwekhi). Ngenxa yokuthi ubuchwepheshe obusekela i-LANs busebenza kuphela ezindaweni ezilinganiselwe, ukukhulumisana phakathi kwama-LAN kudinga imishini eyengeziwe yokuhambisa kanye nomzamo wokuphatha.
Amanethiwekhi aqondile
Ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi okuzinikezele phakathi kwamadivayisi amabili (okungekho amanye amadivaysi angaba nawo) nawo abizwa ngokuthi uxhumene ngqo. Amanethiwekhi aqondile ahluke kumanethiwekhi amanontanga phakathi kwalabo abanamanye amazwe aqukethe inombolo enkulu yamadivaysi phakathi kokuxhumana okungaxhunyiwe okungaxhunyiwe.
Ukusetshenziswa komlando kanye nokusetshenziswa okuvamile: Ukuphela kwamasekhondi omsebenzisi axhunyaniswe namakhompiyutha amakhulu ngokusebenzisa imizila ehlukanisiwe. Ama-PC e-Windows nawo asekela ukuxhumeka kwekhebula eliqondile, evame ukusetshenziswa ukuthumela amafayela. Emanethiwekhi angenantambo, abantu bavame ukwenza uxhumano oluqondile phakathi kwamafoni amabili (noma ifoni kanye nedivayisi yokuvumelanisa) ukushintshanisa izithombe nama-movie, ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza, noma ukudlala imidlalo.
Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko : I-port serial kanye nezintambo ze- port ezihambisanayo zisekela ukuxhumana okuyisisekelo ngokuqondile kwe-wired, nakuba lezi zinciphile kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni ngokuvumelana namazinga amasha afana ne- USB . Amanye amakhompyutha e-laptop asekudala ahlinzeka ngamaphakheji angenawaya angenawaya okuxhumana ngqo phakathi kwamamodeli asekela ukucaciswa kwe-IrDA. I-Bluetooth ivele ibe yindinganiso eyinhloko yokubhanqa kwamafoni angenantambo ngenxa yamanani ayo aphansi kanye nokuncipha kwamandla aphansi.
Izinkinga: Ukwenza uxhumano oluqondile emadolobheni amade kunzima. Amakhulu ubuchwephesha obungenawaya, ikakhulukazi, adinga ukuthi amadivaysi agcinwe esondelene kakhulu (Bluetooth), noma emgqeni wokubona ngaphandle kokuvimbela (i-infrared).