Inethiwekhi yocingo ikhombisa amadivaysi ukuze abasize baxoxe
Ikheli lenethiwekhi likhonza njengesihlonzi esiyingqayizivele sekhompyutha noma enye idivayisi kunethiwekhi. Uma uhlela kahle, amakhomphyutha anganquma amakheli amanye amakhompyutha namadivayisi kunethiwekhi futhi asebenzise la amakheli ukuze axhumane.
Amakheli angokwenyama amakheli angamaqiniso
Amadivayisi amaningi enethiwekhi anamakheli amaningana ahlukene.
- Amakheli angokwenyama angaphakathi kwezixhumanisi zomuntu ngamunye ezixhunywe kudivayisi. Isibonelo, umsakazo we-Wi-Fi nomsakazo we- Bluetooth wedivayisi yeselula unamakheli abo enethiwekhi ngokomzimba.
- Amakheli we-Virtual anikezwe kumadivayisi ngokusho uhlobo lwenethiwekhi abathintekayo kuwo. Amakheli alungile edivaysi ephathekayo, isibonelo, shintsha njengoba ihamba ukusuka kunethiwekhi eyodwa kuya kwenye, kuyilapho amakheli ayo ephathekayo ehlala ehleliwe.
Ukubukwa kwezinguquko ze-IP
Uhlobo oludume kakhulu lwekheli le-network virtual ikheli le- Inthanethi Protocol (IP) . Ikheli lamanje le-IP (i-IP version 6, i-IPv6) iqukethe ama-byte angu- 16 (128 bits ) ekhomba amadivayisi axhunyiwe ngokukhethekile. Idizayini ye-IPv6 ifaka isikhala sekheli le-IP esikhulu kune-predvessor IPv4 ukusekela ukwesekwa kwezigidigidi zamadivayisi.
Isikhala esikhulu sekheli le-IPv4 sabelwe abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo ze-intanethi nezinye izinhlangano ezinkulu ukuze babelane amakhasimende abo kanye namaseva e-intanethi-lezi zibizwa ngokuthi amakheli e-IP yomphakathi . Amanye amakheli ekheli le-IP ayingqayizivele asetshenziselwa ukusekela amanethiwekhi wangaphakathi afana namanethiwekhi asekhaya namadivayisi ayengadingeki axhumeke ngqo kwi-Intanethi.
Amakheli e-MAC
Ifomu eyaziwayo yokukhuluma ngokuqondile isekelwe ubuchwepheshe beMedia Access Control (MAC) . Amakheli e-MAC, eyaziwa nangokuthi amakheli angokwenyama, ama-byte ayisithupha (ama-48 bits) abakhiqizi be- adapters yenethiwekhi abashume emikhiqizweni yabo ukuze bawaveze ngokukhethekile. I-IP nezinye izivumelwano zithembele kumakheli angokwenyama ukukhomba amadivayisi kunethiwekhi.
Isabelo sekheli
Amakheli enethiwekhi ahlotshaniswa namadivayisi wenethiwekhi ngezindlela eziningana ezahlukene:
- Amanethiwekhi angalungiswa ukwabela amakheli e-IP ngokuzenzakalelayo enkambisweni ebizwa ngokuthi ikheli elidinga ikheli.
- Abaphathi benethiwekhi bangakhetha amakheli e-IP ahlukile futhi babanike amadivaysi ngesandla ngenqubo ebizwa nge-static address assignment.
- Abathengisi be-adapter yenethiwekhi babeka ikheli le-MAC eliyingqayizivele kwimemori efundwayo kuphela (i-ROM) yeyunithi ngayinye eyenziwe ngenqubo ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "ukushisa."
Amanethiwekhi asekhaya nakwamabhizinisi avame ukusebenzisa amaseva we- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) we-akhawunti ye-IP ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Ukuhumusha Ikheli Lenethiwekhi
Ama-routers asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obubizwa nge- Network Address Translation (NAT) ukusiza ukuqondisa i-Intanethi ye-Inthanethi ye-Intanethi kuya endaweni ehlosiwe kuyo. I-NAT isebenza ngamakheli we-virtual aqukethe ngaphakathi kwe-network yenethiwekhi ye-IP.
Izinkinga Ngekheli Le-IP
Ukungqubuzana kwekheli le-IP kwenzeka lapho amadivaysi amabili noma ngaphezulu kunethiwekhi kokubili abelwa inombolo efanayo yekheli. Lezi zingxabano zingenzeka ngenxa yeziphambeko zomuntu kwi-static address assignment noma ngokuvamile-kusuka ku-glitches kwezobuchwepheshe ezinkambisweni zesabelo ezizenzakalelayo.