I-DNS ngumhumushi phakathi kwama-hostname namakheli we-IP
Ngamagama alula, i-Domain Name System (i-DNS) iqoqo yolwazi oluhumusha ama-hostnames kumakheli e-IP .
I-DNS ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yincwadi yocingo ye-intanethi ngoba iguqula ama-hostnames okulula ukukhumbula njenge-www.google.com , kumakheli e-IP afana no- 216.58.217.46 . Lokhu kwenzeka ngemuva kwezigcawu ngemuva kokuthi uthayiphe i- URL kumbhali wekheli lesiphequluli sewebhu.
Ngaphandle kwe-DNS (futhi ikakhulukazi izinjini ezifana ne-Google), ukuhamba nge-intanethi ngeke kube lula ngoba kuzodingeka singene ikheli le-IP yewebhu ngayinye esifuna ukuyivakashela.
I-DNS isebenza kanjani?
Uma kungacacile, umqondo oyisisekelo wokuthi i-DNS ingayenza kanjani umsebenzi wayo kunzima: ikheli ngalinye lewebhusayithi elifakwe kusiphequluli sewebhu (njenge-Chrome, Safari, noma i-Firefox) ithunyelwa kuseva ye-DNS , eqondisa ukuthi imephu kanjani lelo gama likheli lakhe le-IP elifanele.
Ikheli le-IP ukuthi amadivaysi asetshenziselwa ukuxhumana omunye nomunye ngoba abakwazanga futhi angawuthuli ulwazi ngolwazi olunjenge www.google.com , www.youtube.com , njll. Sifinyelela ekungeneni igama elilula ukuze lawa mawebusayithi ngenkathi i-DNS yenza konke okubonakalayo kithi, isinika ukusondela okusheshayo-okusheshayo kwamakheli we-IP afanelekile ukuvula amakhasi esiwafunayo.
Futhi, www.microsoft.com, www. , www.amazon.com , nayo yonke enye igama lewebhusayithi isetshenziselwa kalula ngoba kulula ukukhumbula lawo magama kunokukhumbula amakheli abo e-IP.
Amakhompiyutha abizwa ngokuthi amaseva ezinsizi anesibopho sokugcina amakheli e-IP kuwo wonke umlando wezinga eliphezulu . Uma ngabe i-website iceliwe, yi-server eyisipuli esenza leyo ncazelo kuqala ukuze ibone isinyathelo esilandelayo kwinqubo yokubheka. Khona-ke, igama lesizinda lithunyelwa kwi-Domain Name Resolver (DNR), elitholakala ngaphakathi kwe- ISP , ukucacisa ikheli le-IP elungile. Okokugcina, lolu lwazi lubuyiselwe kudivayisi oyicelile.
Indlela Yokuqeda DNS
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana neWindows nabanye bazogcina amakheli e-IP nolunye ulwazi olumayelana nama-hostnam endaweni yangakini ukuze bakwazi ukufinyelela ngokushesha kunokuba bafinyelele njalo kuseva le-DNS. Uma ikhompiyutha iqonda ukuthi igama lomnikazi othile lifana nekheli elithile le-IP, lolo lwazi luvunyelwe ukugcinwa, noma lugcinwe isikhashana kudivayisi.
Ngesikhathi ukukhumbula ulwazi lwe-DNS kuyasiza, ngezinye izikhathi kungabonakaliswa noma kuphelelwe yisikhathi. Ngokuvamile isistimu yokusebenza isusa le datha ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, kepha uma unenkinga yokufinyelela iwebhusayithi futhi usolisa ngenxa yenkinga ye-DNS, isinyathelo sokuqala ukuphoqa lolu lwazi ukuze lwenze indawo entsha, olusha amarekhodi DNS.
Kumele ukwazi ukuqala kabusha ikhompyutha yakho uma unenkinga nge-DNS ngoba i-cache ye-DNS ayitholakali ngokuqala kabusha. Noma kunjalo, ukuxosha isikhala ngesandla ngesandla sokuqala kabusha kuyashesha kakhulu.
Ungakwazi ukususa i-DNS ku-Windows ngokusebenzisa i- Command Prompt ngomyalo we- ipconfig / flushdns . Iwebhusayithi Iyini i-DNS yami? ineziqondiso zokususa i-DNS yenguqulo ngayinye ye-Windows , kanye ne-MacOS ne-Linux.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi, kuye ngokuthi i- router yakho ethile isethiwe kanjani, amarekhodi e-DNS angase agcinwe khona futhi. Uma ukuxosha i-DNS cache kwikhompyutha yakho akulungisi inkinga yakho ye-DNS, kufanele nakanjani uzame ukuqala kabusha i-router yakho ukuze usule i-DNS cache.
Qaphela: Ukungeniswa kwifayela lesibindi akususwanga uma i-cache i-DNS isuliwe ihlanzekile. Kumelwe uhlele ifayela le-Hosts ukuze ususe ama-hostnames namakheli e-IP agcinwe khona.
I-Malware ingathinta i-DNS Entries
Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi i-DNS inesibopho sokuqondisa ama-hostnam kwamakheli athile e-IP, kufanele kube sobala ukuthi kuyisici esiyinhloko somsebenzi ononya. Abaqaphi bangakwazi ukuqondisa kabusha isicelo sakho sensiza evamile yokusebenza komuntu oyisicupho sokuqoqa amaphasiwedi noma ukukhonza i- malware .
Ukukhwabanisa kwe-DNS kanye nokwehlisa i-DNS ngamagama asetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukuhlaselwa kwesikhala se-resolver ye-DNS ngenhloso yokuqondisa kabusha igama lomsingeli kwikheli le-IP elihlukile kunalokho okunikezwa ngempela lelo gama lomkhosi, ngokuqondisa kabusha lapho uhlose khona ukuya khona. Lokhu kuvame ukwenza ngomzamo wokukuyisa kuwebhusayithi egcwele amafayela angalungile noma ukwenza ukuhlaselwa kobugebengu bokukhohlisa ekukhohliseni ukuba ufinyelele iwebhusayithi efana nayo ukuze uthathe iziqinisekiso zakho zokungena ngemvume.
Iningi lezinsizakalo ze-DNS zinikeza ukuvikelwa kulezi zinhlobo zokuhlaselwa.
Enye indlela abahlaseli abangathinta ukungena kwe-DNS ukusebenzisa ifayela le-Hosts. Ifayela lesikhwama kukhona ifayela eligcinwe endaweni elalisetshenziswa esikhundleni se-DNS ngaphambi kokuthi i-DNS ibe yiyona ithuluzi elibanzi lokuxazululwa kwama-hostname, kodwa ifayela lisekhona ezinkambisweni zokusebenza ezidumile. Ukungena okulondolozwe kulelo fayela kudlula izilungiselelo ze-DNS yeseva, ngakho-ke kuwumgomo ovamile we-malware.
Indlela elula yokuvikela ifayela le-Hosts ekuhlelweni ukuyibeka njengefayela elifundwayo kuphela . Ku-Windows, vele uhambe ngqo kufolda enefayili yesiphequluli : % Systemdrive% \ Windows \ System32 \ abashayeli \ njll . Chofoza ngakwesokudla noma thinta-bese ubamba, khetha Properties , bese ufaka isheke ebhokisini eceleni kwesici sokufunda kuphela .
Ulwazi olungaphezulu ku-DNS
I-ISP okwamanje isebenza kuwe ukufinyelela kwe-intanethi inikezele amaseva we-DNS wamadivayisi wakho ongawasebenzisa (uma uxhumekile ku- DHCP ), kodwa awuphoqelekile ukuba unamathele kulawo maseva we-DNS. Amanye amaseva anganikeza izici zokungena ngemvume ukulandelela amawebusayithi avakashelwe, ama-blockers ekhangisa, izihlungi ze-website ezidala, nezinye izici. Bona lolu hlu lwabaSebenzi be- DNS Bamahhala nabomphakathi kwezinye izibonelo zamaseva ehlukile e-DNS.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikhompyutha isebenzisa i-DHCP ukuthola ikheli le-IP noma uma isebenzisa ikheli le-IP static , usengachaza amaseva we-DNS wangokwezifiso. Noma kunjalo, uma kungasethiwe nge-DHCP, kufanele ucacise amaseva we-DNS okufanele uwasebenzise.
Izilungiselelo zeseva ezicacile ze-DNS zithatha kuqala ngaphezu kwezilungiselelo ezicacile, eziphezulu. Ngamanye amazwi, yizilungiselelo ze-DNS eziseduze nedivaysi esebenzisa idivayisi. Isibonelo, uma ushintsha izilungiselelo zeseva ye-DNS ku-router yakho kwenye into ethize, ngakho-ke wonke amadivayisi axhunyiwe ku-router ayosebenzisa futhi lawo maseva we-DNS. Kodwa-ke, uma ushintsha izilungiselelo ze-DNS yeseva kwi-PC kokuthile okuhlukile , leyo khompyutha izosebenzisa amaseva ehlukile e-DNS kunamanye amadivaysi axhunyiwe ku-router efanayo.
Yisizathu sokuthi i-DNS cache ikholomu kukhompyutha yakho ingavimbela amawebhusayithi ekulayisheni ngisho noma okufanayo kuvulwa ngokujwayelekile kwikhompyutha ehlukile kwinethiwekhi efanayo.
Nakuba ama-URL esivame ukungena kuzo iziphequluli zethu zewebhu ngamagama alula ukukhumbula njenge- www. , esikhundleni salokho ungasebenzisa ikheli le-IP elibhekisela kulo igama lomnikazi, njenge-https://151.101.1.121) ukuze ufinyelele iwebhusayithi efanayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi usaluthola iseva efanayo noma iyiphi indlela - indlela eyodwa (usebenzisa igama) kulula ukuyikhumbula.
Kule ncwajana, uma ngabe ukhona uhlobo oluthile lokukhishwa ngedivaysi yakho oxhumene nesiphakeli se-DNS, ungayiguqula ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokufaka ikheli le-IP kwibha yamakheli esikhundleni segama lomkhosi. Iningi labantu aligcini uhlu lwendawo lwamakheli e-IP ahambisana nama-namesnames, noma kunjalo, ngoba ngemuva kwalokho konke lokho kuyinhloso yokusebenzisa iseva ye-DNS kuqala.
Qaphela: Lokhu akusebenzi nawo wonke amawebhusayithi nekheli le-IP kusukela amanye amaseva wewebhu abelane ngokusetha ukubamba, okusho ukuthi ukufinyelela ikheli le-IP leseva ngesiphequluli sewebhu akuchazi ukuthi yiliphi ikhasi, ngokukhethekile, okufanele livuleke.
I-"ncwadi yocingo" yokubheka okwenza ikheli le-IP elisuselwe kumninimzi wehostela libizwa ngokuthi i- DNS lookup phambili . Okuphambene nalokho, i- DNS yokubuyela emuva , kukhona okunye okungenziwa ngamaseva e-DNS. Yilapho igama lesibamba likhonjiswe ngekheli layo le-IP. Lolu hlobo lokubheka luxhomeke emcabangweni wokuthi ikheli le-IP elihlotshaniswa nalolo gama lombusi liyikheli le-IP eliyi-static.
Idatha ye-DNS igcina izinto eziningi ngaphezu kwamakheli e-IP nama-hostnames. Uma ngabe usungule i-imeyli kuwebhusayithi noma udlulisele igama lesizinda, ungase ugijime emigameni efana negama lesizinda segama lesizinda (CNAME) kanye ne-SMTP mail exchangers (MX).